Journal articles: 'Free press (Halifax, N.S.)' – Grafiati (2024)

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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Free press (Halifax, N.S.) / Journal articles

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Hortobagyi,T., and F.I.Katch. "Role of concentric force in limiting improvement in muscular strength." Journal of Applied Physiology 68, no.2 (February1, 1990): 650–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.68.2.650.

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We hypothesized that resistance training with combined eccentric and concentric actions, and concentric action only, should yield similar changes in muscular strength. Subjects in a free weight group trained three times a week for 12 wk with eccentric and concentric actions (FW, n = 16), a second group trained with concentric-only contractions using hydraulic resistance (HY; n = 12), and a control group did not train (n = 11). Training for FW and HY included five sets of supine bench press and upright squat at an intensity of 1-6 repetition maximum (RM) plus five supplementary exercises at 5-10 RM for a total of 20 sets per session for approximately 50 min. Testing at pre-, mid-, and posttraining included 1) 1 RM bench press and squat with and 2) without prestretch using free weights; 3)isokinetic peak force and power for bench press and squat at 5 degrees/s, and isotonic peak velocity and power for bench press with 20-kg load and squat with 70-kg load; 4) hydraulic peak bench press force and power, and peak knee extension torque and power at fast and slow speeds; and 5) surface anthropometry (fatfolds and girths to estimate upper arm and thigh volume and muscle area). Changes in overall fatness, muscularity, and muscle + bone cross-sectional area of the limbs did not differ between groups (P greater than 0.05). Improvements in free weight bench press and squat were similar (P greater than 0.05) in FW (approximately 24%) and HY (approximately 22%, P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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2

Ettinger, Max, Sarah Büermann, Tilman Calliess, Mohamed Omar, Christian Krettek, Christof Hurschler, Michael Jagodzinski, and Maximilian Petri. "Tibial inlay press-fit fixation versus interference screw in posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction." Orthopedic Reviews 5, no.4 (November6, 2013): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/or.2013.e35.

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Reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) by a tibial press-fit fixation of the patellar tendon with an accessory bone plug is a promising approach because no foreign materials are required. Until today, there is no data about the biomechanical properties of such press-fit fixations. The aim of this study was to compare the biomechanical qualities of a bone plug tibial inlay technique with the commonly applied interference screw of patellar tendon PCL grafts. Twenty patellar tendons including a bone block were harvested from ten human cadavers. The grafts were implanted into twenty legs of adult German country pigs. In group P, the grafts were attached in a press-fit technique with accessory bone plug. In group S, the grafts were fixed with an interference screw. Each group consisted of 10 specimens. The constructs were biomechanically analyzed in cyclic loading between 60 and 250 N for 500 cycles recording elongation. Finally, ultimate failure load and failure mode were analyzed. Ultimate failure load was 598.6±36.3 N in group P and 653.7±39.8 N in group S (not significant, P&gt;0.05). Elongation during cyclic loading between the 1st and the 20th cycle was 3.4±0.9 mm for group P and 3.1±1 mm for group S. Between the 20th and the 500th cycle, elongation was 4.2±2.3 mm in group P and 2.5±0.9 mm in group S (not significant, P&gt;0.05). This is the first study investigating the biomechanical properties of tibial press-fit fixation of the patellar tendon with accessory bone plug in posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The implant-free tibial inlay technique shows equal biomechanical characteristics compared to an interference screw fixation. Further <em>in vivo</em> studies are desirable to compare the biological behavior and clinical relevance of this fixation device.

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3

Khalkhunov,S. "CENTRAL COUNCIL'S MILITARY POLICY IN THE SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE 1920’s – 1980’s." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no.143 (2019): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2019.143.8.

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The article examines the degree of studying the Ukrainian Central Council military policy by the Soviet historians from the beginning of 1917 to April 1918: considered the level of clarifying the issue about Ukrainianization Russian army military units, the creation of Ukrainian armed forces on Naddniprianschyna. The periodization was determined and the peculiarities of Soviet historiography formation on the topic under study were revealed. According to the results of the study, in the majority of Soviet historians’ works, the question of the Ukrainianization of the Russian army military units was considered solely in the context of the revolutionization process of the Russian army military units. Volunteer Ukrainian regiments and free-wing detachments were assessed in the line of Soviet class-based methodology as "punitive", "bourgeois-nationalist" formations. There are no reliable figures on the number of Ukrainian troops. The uncritical use of the materials of the state archives, the Soviet and the party press necessitated the ignoring of historicism and objectivity principles. At the same time it should be noted that even under the ideological scrutiny and political censorship of the 1920s and 1980s, Soviet researchers A. Likholat, S. Korolivsky, M. Rubach, N. Suprunenko, P. Garchev, A. Senderskyi, M. Yakupov, A. Tkachuk cited numerous facts in his writings that testified to the significant importance of the national component of the revolutionary processes, the significant influence of the national factor on the mass consciousness of soldiers and officers - Ukrainians. Under these conditions the main reasons for the defeat of Ukrainian military policy become apparent: the Central Council failed to form capable regular units using the support of the soldiers in the first stage of the revolution; the delay in carrying out agrarian reform contributed to the growing influence of the Bolsheviks in the Ukrainian village; refusal to build a regular army had fatal consequences for Ukrainian statehood.

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4

Tang, Dingyi, and AnnaA.Fedotova. "POLEMIC AROUND A. I. HERZEN IN THE CULTURAL LIFE OF THE 1860-S (BASED ON RUSSIAN JOURNALISM)." World of Russian-speaking Countries 5, no.3 (2020): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2658-7866-2020-3-5-139-152.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the turning point in the perception of late activity of A.I. Herzen by Russian society. The authors note that the sixties of the XIX century are naturally considered the time of decisive changes in the life of Russian society, and in Russian culture their sign was the progressive separation of literary forces according to the ideological principle. The article considers the acute controversy that happened in the cultural life of the 1860s between the London publicist, publications of M. N. Katkov (“Modern Chronicle”, “Russian Herald”) and the newspaper of P. S. Usov “Severnaya pchela." An ideological-free analysis of key articles written during the controversy (“Letter to Katkov and Leontiev”, “Young and Old Russia”, “Journalists and Terrorists” by A. I. Herzen, “Our Foreign réfugiés”, “Note for the publisher of “Kolokol” M. N. Katkov, the forerunner of “Severnaya pchela”, which today are convincingly attributed as belonging to N. S. Leskov), allows you to identify important differences in the socio-cultural positions of representatives of the “conservative” bodies of the domestic press and draw conclusions about copyright strategies for creating journalistic statements. The article draws conclusions about the influence of this controversy on the social and literary fate of writers, it is noted that the controversy with Katkov anticipated a sharp cooling to Herzen of Russian society in the following 1863, when, after the publisher of “Kolokol” supported the Polish uprising, the newspaper's circulation fell sharply to 500 copies, equally significant was the controversy of 1862 for Leskov, whose only beginning literary path almost came to an end as a result of harassment by the “progressive” press, and in the mind of the writer, the name Herzen began to be forever associated with the St. Petersburg fires, the imposing frivolity of revolutionary agitators and the sacrificed lives of young fanatics, which was reflected not only in the subsequent “Herzen” essays of Leskov, but also in his artistic prose. In this regard observations on Leskov's articles are especially relevant, the originality of the early journalism of which still remains a little-studied phenomenon of Russian culture.

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5

Davis, Victor. "Types, Tokens, and Hapaxes: A New Heap’s Law." Glottotheory 9, no.2 (October25, 2019): 113–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/glot-2018-0014.

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Abstract Heap’s Law https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=539986 Heaps, H S 1978 Information Retrieval: Computational and Theoretical Aspects (Academic Press). states that in a large enough text corpus, the number of types as a function of tokens grows as N = K{M^\beta } for some free parameters K, \beta . Much has been written http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/15/9/093033 Font-Clos, Francesc 2013 A scaling law beyond Zipf’s law and its relation to Heaps’ law (New Journal of Physics 15 093033)., http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/11/12/123015 Bernhardsson S, da Rocha L E C and Minnhagen P 2009 The meta book and size-dependent properties of written language (New Journal of Physics 11 123015)., http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-5468/2011/07/P07013 Bernhardsson S, Ki Baek and Minnhagen 2011 A paradoxical property of the monkey book (Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, Volume 2011)., http://milicka.cz/kestazeni/type-token_relation.pdf Milička, Jiří 2009 Type-token & Hapax-token Relation: A Combinatorial Model (Glottotheory. International Journal of Theoretical Linguistics 2 (1), 99–110)., https://www.nature.com/articles/srep00943 Petersen, Alexander 2012 Languages cool as they expand: Allometric scaling and the decreasing need for new words (Scientific Reports volume 2, Article number: 943). about how this result and various generalizations can be derived from Zipf’s Law. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0052442 Zipf, George 1949 Human behavior and the principle of least effort (Reading: Addison-Wesley). Here we derive from first principles a completely novel expression of the type-token curve and prove its superior accuracy on real text. This expression naturally generalizes to equally accurate estimates for counting hapaxes and higher n-legomena.

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6

Shraida, Shaymaa Mukhlif, and Graeme Hocking. "Flow from a source above a sloping base." ANZIAM Journal 61 (June23, 2020): C75—C88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21914/anziamj.v61i0.14988.

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We consider the outflow of water from the peak of a triangular ridge into a channel of finite depth. Solutions are computed for different flow rates and bottom angles. A numerical method is used to compute the flow from the source for small values of flow rate and it is found that there is a maximum flow rate beyond which steady solutions do not seem to exist. Limiting flows are computed for each geometrical configuration. One application of this work is as a model of saline water being returned to the ocean after desalination. References Craya, A. ''Theoretical research on the flow of nonhomogeneous fluids''. La Houille Blanche, (1):22–55, 1949. doi:10.1051/lhb/1949017 Dun, C. R. and Hocking, G. C. ''Withdrawal of fluid through a line sink beneath a free surface above a sloping boundary''. J. Eng. Math. 29:1–10, 1995. doi:10.1007/bf00046379 Hocking, G. ''Cusp-like free-surface flows due to a submerged source or sink in the presence of a flat or sloping bottom''. ANZIAM J. 26:470–486, 1985. doi:10.1017/s0334270000004665 Hocking, G. C. and Forbes, L. K. ''Subcritical free-surface flow caused by a line source in a fluid of finite depth''. J. Eng. Math. 26:455-466, 1992. doi:10.1007/bf00042763 Hocking, G. C. ''Supercritical withdrawal from a two-layer fluid through a line sink", J. Fluid Mech. 297:37–47, 1995. doi:10.1017/s0022112095002990 Hocking, G. C., Nguyen, H. H. N., Forbes, L. K. and Stokes,T. E. ''The effect of surface tension on free surface flow induced by a point sink''. ANZIAM J., 57:417–428, 2016. doi:10.1017/S1446181116000018 Landrini, M. and Tyvand, P. A. ''Generation of water waves and bores by impulsive bottom flux'', J. Eng. Math. 39(1–4):131-170, 2001. doi:10.1023/A:1004857624937 Lustri, C. J., McCue, S. W. and Chapman, S. J. ''Exponential asymptotics of free surface flow due to a line source''. IMA J. Appl. Math., 78(4):697–713, 2013. doi:10.1093/imamat/hxt016 Stokes, T. E., Hocking, G. C. and Forbes, L.K. ''Unsteady free surface flow induced by a line sink in a fluid of finite depth'', Comp. Fluids, 37(3):236–249, 2008. doi:10.1016/j.compfluid.2007.06.002 Tuck, E. O. and Vanden-Broeck, J.-M. ''A cusp-like free-surface flow due to a submerged source or sink''. ANZIAM J. 25:443–450, 1984. doi:10.1017/s0334270000004197 Vanden-Broeck, J.-M., Schwartz, L. W. and Tuck, E. O. ''Divergent low-Froude-number series expansion of nonlinear free-surface flow problems". Proc. Roy. Soc. A., 361(1705):207–224, 1978. doi:10.1098/rspa.1978.0099 Vanden-Broeck, J.-M. and Keller, J. B. ''Free surface flow due to a sink'', J. Fluid Mech, 175:109–117, 1987. doi:10.1017/s0022112087000314 Yih, C.-S. Stratified flows. Academic Press, New York, 1980. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-771050-1.X5001-3

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7

Baciu, Sorana, Cristian Berece, Adrian Florea, Alexandru Victor Burde, Anda Munteanu, Toni Andor Cigu, Tiberiu Hosszu, Camelia Szuhanek, Marius Manole, and Cosmin Sinescu. "Three-dimensional Marginal Evaluation of Two Pressed Materials Using Micro-CT Technology." Revista de Chimie 68, no.3 (April15, 2017): 615–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.3.5514.

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The main goal of the present study is to compare the marginal fit of two different kind of pressed materials: a partially crystalline thermoplastic resin reinforced with ceramic particles (BioHPP) and lithium disilicate (EMax), through the use of the microCT technique. After extraction of four caries-free mandibular first molars, first class inlay cavities were prepared. For each tooth two inlays were manufactured- one by using BioHPP thermoplastic resin (n=4) and one by using Emax Press lithium disilicate (n=4). The marginal gap was analyzed circumferentially at the occlusal margin using a Bruker micro CT, by measuring the distance at the occlusal limit of the cavities, between the restoration and the tooth in several points for every surface of each tooth before cementing. Data were analyzed statistically using the Mann-Whitney U test and the Pearson�s correlation coefficient (a=0.05). A significant statistical difference was found between the marginal gap size obtained for BioHPP and Emax inlays (p[0.001). For the Emax inlays the marginal gap had an average of 72mm, while for BioHPP the average was 94 �m. Both types of used materials offer a good marginal adaptation. By summing up the gathered data we can conclude that the pressed ceramics shows a better marginal fit than the pressed resin, probably because of the different processing methods: sintering versus polymerizing with different shrinkage values.

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8

Schmidt,W.D., P.J.O'Connor, J.B.Cochrane, and M.Cantwell. "Resting metabolic rate is influenced by anxiety in college men." Journal of Applied Physiology 80, no.2 (February1, 1996): 638–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.80.2.638.

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The effects of psychological parameters on resting metabolic rate (RMR) have been inadequately researched. The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between anxiety and RMR. Seventy-nine male college students completed the trait portion (form Y-2) of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (C. D. Spielberger, R. L. Gorsuch, R. Lushene, P. R. Vagg, and G. A. Jacobs. Self-evaluation questionnaire (form Y). In: Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA, Consulting Psychologists Press, 1983) as a screening. Volunteers whose trait anxiety scores were = or = 1 SD above (52.7 +/- 2.7, n = 9) or below (26.5 +/- 3.0, n = 11) the male college student normal values (38 +/- 9) participated in the study. Fat-free weight was assessed using a seven-site skinfold equation (A. S. Jackson and M. L. Pollock. Phys. Sports Med. 13: 76-90, 1985). Resting metabolism was measured (Sensormedics metabolic cart model 2900) at two separate trials (1-2 wk apart) in the early morning after a 12-h fast and 36 h postexercise. An analysis of covariance with fat-free weight as the covariate revealed a significantly greater (P < 0.005) RMR in the high trait anxious group than in the low trait anxious group. State anxiety (form Y-1) assessments made before and after each RMR measurement revealed a significant main effect of group such that state anxiety was higher in the high trait anxious than in the low trait anxious group for both trials before and after RMR measurement. Moreover, a significant (P < 0.003) main effect for the time factor was found showing that state anxiety was reduced after the RMR procedure. The results of this study show that a statistically significant portion of the variance in RMR can be accounted for by individual differences in anxiety.

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Georgiou,F., B.Lamichhane, and N.Thamwattana. "An adaptive numerical scheme for a partial integro-differential equation." ANZIAM Journal 60 (October9, 2019): C187—C200. http://dx.doi.org/10.21914/anziamj.v60i0.14066.

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One method of modelling cell-cell adhesion gives rise to a partial integro-differential equation. While non-adaptive techniques work in the numerical modelling of such an equation, there are also many opportunities for optimisation. The studied partial integro-differential equation has a tendency to produce aggregations leaving large regions where both the function value and derivative are equal to zero, leading to a higher resolution than needed and lower than desired resolution where the aggregations form. In order to overcome this we develop an adaptive scheme in both space and time using a modified form of Matlab's ode45 and finite volume methods to more efficiently simulate the studied partial integro-differential equation. We use our numerical scheme to simulate the problem presented by Armstrong et al. [J. Theor. Biol. 243 (2006), pp. 98--113] and compare results. References N. J. Armstrong, K. J. Painter, and J. A. Sherratt. A continuum approach to modelling cell-cell adhesion. J. Theor. Biol., 243:98113, 2006. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.05.030. R. J. LeVeque. Finite volume methods for hyperbolic problems. Cambridge Texts in Applied Mathematics. Cambridge University Press, 2002. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511791253. C. F. Van Loan. Introduction to scientific computing: A matrix vector approach using MATLAB. MATLAB Curriculum. Prentise Hall, 1997. J. A. Sheratt, S. A. Gourley, N. J. Armstrong, and K. J. Painter. Boundedness of solutions of a non-local reaction-diffusion model for adhesion in cell aggregation and cancer invasion. Eur. J. Appl. Math., 20(1):123144, 2009. doi:10.1017/S0956792508007742. M. S. Steinberg. On the mechanism of tissue reconstruction by dissociated cells, I. Population kinetics, differential adhesiveness and the absence of directed migration. P. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 48(9):15771582, 1962a. doi:10.1073/pnas.48.9.1577. M. S. Steinberg. Mechanism of tissue reconstruction by dissociated cells, II: Time-course of events. Science, 137(3532):762763, 1962b. doi:10.1126/science.137.3532.762. M. S. Steinberg. On the mechanism of tissue reconstruction by dissociated cells, III. Free energy relations and the reorganisation of fused, heteronomic tissue fragments. P. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 48(10):17691776, 1962c. doi:10.1073/pnas.48.10.1769. P. L. Townes and J. Holtfreter. Directed movements and selective adhesion of embryonic amphibian cells. J. Exp. Zool., 128(1):53120, 1955. doi:10.1002/jez.1401280105.

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Jovanovski, Sasho, Julie Popovski, Alesh Dakskobler, Ljubo Marion, and Peter Jevnikar. "The Influence of Crown Ferrule on Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Maxillary Central Incisors." Balkan Journal of Dental Medicine 21, no.1 (March1, 2017): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjdm-2017-0006.

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SummaryBackground: Prefabricated zirconia posts can contribute to increasing the fracture resistance of the endodontically treated teeth. Purpose. This in vitro study compared the fracture resistance of endodontically treated central maxillary incisors prepared with 2 mm ferrule length to the ones without ferrule.Material and methods: Twenty-four caries-free maxillary central incisors were divided into 2 groups of 12. In group A circumferential external dentin shoulders were prepared for 2 mm external dentin ferrule length. There was no ferrule preparation in Group B. Zirconia VALLPOST BO-S (Ø 1,6 mm), Ljubljana, Slovenia were used with retention forms in the coronary part. Core build-up was made of pressed ceramics (IPS e.max Press, Ivoclar, Liechtenstein). Crowns were manufactured from the same ceramic material (IPS e.max Press, Ivoclar). After root canal treatment and post space preparation, all posts were cemented with an adhesive resin cement (Multilink Automix, Ivoclar). The specimens were embedded in acrylic resin blocks (ProBase Polymer/Monomer, Ivoclar) and loaded at an angle of 45° to the long axis in an Instron Testing Machine 4301 (Instron Corp., USA) at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min until fracture. Fracture patterns and loads were recorded. A significance level of p<0.05 was used for all comparisons. Two-way analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis. Failure patterns were analyzed with the optical microscope Stereo Discovery V.8 (Carl Zeiss, Germany) and compared using the chi-square nonparametric test.Results: The mean values (±SD) of fracture loads (N) for the Groups A and B were 664.63N (±49.14) and 519.36N (±71.65) recpectively. Significantly lower failure loads were recorded for the specimens in the group B. Failure patterns within the groups revealed non-catastrophic failure in 70% of the specimens for group A and 85% for group B.Conclusions: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, it can be concluded that zirconia VALLPOST BO-S (Ø 1,6 mm) with press-ceramic cores and crowns, can be used for restoration of endodontically treated teeth. The teeth prepared with 2 mm external dentin ferrule length were found to be more fracture resistant than teeth without ferrule.

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Lourençon,TainiseV., Sami Alakurtti, Tommi Virtanen, Anna-Stiina Jääskeläinen, Tiina Liitiä, Mark Hughes, WashingtonL.E.Magalhães, GracielaI.B.Muniz, and Tarja Tamminen. "Phenol-formaldehyde resins with suitable bonding strength synthesized from “less-reactive” hardwood lignin fractions." Holzforschung 74, no.2 (February25, 2020): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0203.

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AbstractThe substitution of phenol by lignin in phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins is one of the most promising end uses of lignin valorization. Lignin from grasses and softwood has been the focus of the studies in this field as they present a higher number of theoretical reactive sites for resin synthesis. Herein we examined the composition and chemical reactivity of “less-reactive” hardwood lignin fractions and their performance in PF resins, synthesized by substituting 50 wt% of the phenol with lignin. Before resin synthesis, the samples were hydroxymethylated and the maximum formaldehyde consumption was recorded. By doing so, we observed that hardwood fractions consumed formaldehyde close to the theoretical calculation, whereas the reference softwood lignin consumed only about ¼ of the theoretical value. In the resin synthesis, we added formaldehyde to the formulation according to the measured maximum formaldehyde consumption. Thus, low values of free formaldehyde in lignin-PF (LPF) resins were achieved (<0.23%). Moreover, the resin bonding strength displayed similar performance irrespective of whether the LPF resins were made with softwood or hardwood lignin (range of 3.4–4.8 N mm−2 at 150°C and 45–480 s of press time). Furthermore, we concluded that hardwood kraft lignins present no disadvantage compared to softwood lignins in PF resin applications, which have significant practical implications.

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Lednianskyi,O.F., S.P.Bisyk, A.F.Sanin, and V.P.Poshyvalov. "Study of the applicability of porous pressings of aluminum and aluminum alloys as energy-absorbing elements." Technical mechanics 2020, no.4 (December10, 2020): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/itm2020.04.109.

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This work reports the results of experimental studies on the applicability of porous pressings of aluminum alloys to passive safety systems. The porous pressings were made from aluminum and aluminum alloy powders with a particle size up to 200 ?m using a hydraulic press. The porosity was varied by varying the pressure in the press hydrosystem and the pressing force. The specimens were not sintered, and no plasticizer was added. To determine which specimen characteristic, the mass or the porosity, is more important, specimens of the same mass (0.01 kg) were used [the deviation did not exceed (2.7 ? 2.8) % ]. To determine the impact absorption ability of the porous pressings of aluminum and aluminum alloy powders, a vertical impact testing machine was used. The ram mass was 22.5 kg (weight 220 N), the fall speed was 5 m/s, and the fall energy was 300 J. The impact absorption ability of the porous pressings was determined by comparing the accelerations and rebound height of the ram in the presence of a porous pressing with their calculated free-fall values. The experiments showed that the use of specimens of maximum porosity decreases the impact energy by the value of the plastic work of deformation and the fracture energy. A comparison of the performance of different specimens showed that the energy absorption ability increases with porosity. As demonstrated by the experiments, porous pressings of aluminum and aluminum alloys can be used as energy -absorbing elements of passive safety systems for commercial and armored combat vehicles, and the impact absorption ability of porous fillers, in particular porous pressings of aluminum and aluminum alloys, can be determined using vertical impact testing machines. Using porous pressings of aluminum and aluminum alloys as an energy-absorbing material decreases the impact acceleration by a factor of 30 to 85 at an impact speed up to 5 m/s. The ability of a pressing to reduce the impact acceleration depends on its dimensions and porosity to a greater extent than on its mass. The greatest decrease in impact acceleration is provided by porous pressings of maximum porosity, in which the impact energy is converted to the plastic work of deformation and the fracture energy.

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Sánchez, María del Rosario. "La construcción de la información periodística sobre la COVID-19 en la prensa local argentina." Investigar la Comunicación desde Perspectivas, Teorías y Métodos Periféricos 8, no.15 (February1, 2021): 429–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24137/raeic.8.15.19.

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Amadeo, B. (1999). La aplicación de la teoría del framing a la cobertura de la corrupción política en Argentina (1991-1996) [tesis doctoral]. Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Comunicación, Pamplona, España. D'adamo, O. J., Beaudoux, V. G. y Freidenberg, F. (2000). Medios de comunicación, efectos políticos y opinión pública: ¿una imagen, vale más que mil palabras? Buenos Aires: Editorial de Belgrano. Defensoría del Público SCA (2020). Apuntes para las coberturas sobre la pandemia COVID-19. Recuperado de https://defensadelpublico.gob.ar/recomendaciones-para-la-cobertura-de-la-pandemia-covid-19/ Del Palacio Montiel, C. (2009). Una mirada a la historia de la prensa de México desde las regiones. Un estudio comparativo (1792-1950). Revista Historia Iberoamericana, 2(1), 80-97. Entman, R. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x Ford, A. (1994). Navegaciones. Comunicación, cultura y crisis. Buenos Aires: Amorrortu. Gomis, L. (1991). Teoría del periodismo. Cómo se forma el presente. Barcelona: Paidós. Graber, D. (1989). Content and memory. What is it all about. American Behavioral Scientist, 33(2), 144-152. Iyengar, S. y Kinder, D. R. (2010). News that matters: Television and American opinion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Koziner, N. (2013). Antecedentes y fundamentos de la teoría del framing en comunicación. Austral comunicación, 1(2), 01-25. Llull, L. (2001). Bahía Blanca, prensa y política en la Liverpool del Sur. 1900-1936. En L. Prislei (Dir.), Pasiones sureñas. Prensa, cultura y política en la frontera norpatagónica (1884-1946). Buenos Aires: Prometeo. Martini, S. (2000). Periodismo, noticia y noticiabilidad. Buenos Aires: Norma. Martini, S. (2015). Medios y sociedad. Las agendas del delito en la prensa gráfica y digital y en la televisión en la Argentina. En M. Degoumois (Dir.), Delitos y medios masivos de comunicación. Aportes para la reflexión acerca de los discursos sobre violencia y criminalidad (pp. 255-278). Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación. Orbe, P. y Napal, M. (2018). Los medios de comunicación en la ciudad: del papel a la era digital. En M. Cernadas y J. Marcilese (Coords.), Bahía Blanca siglo XX. Historia política, económica y sociocultural (pp. 273-304). Bahía Blanca: EdiUNS. Rodrigo Alsina, M. (1989). La construcción de la noticia. Barcelona, Paidós. Sádaba, T. (2007). Framing: el encuadre de las noticias. El binomio terrorismo- medios. Buenos Aires: La Crujía. Schiller, H. (1996). Information inequality. Nueva York: Routledge. Silva, H. (1998) “Un destino manifiesto”. 1898 – 1998. Cien años de periodismo. Bahía Blanca: La Nueva Provincia. Sohr, R. (1998). Historia y poder de la prensa. Barcelona: Andrés Bello. Tuchman, G. (1978). News making. A study in the construction of reality. New York: The Free Press. Valdetattaro, S. (2005). Prensa y temporalidad. La trama de la comunicación, 10, 97-104. Verón, E. (1983) Construir el acontecimiento. Buenos Aires: Gedisa. Zalba, E. (2007). Una aproximación al <orden del discurso> periodístico. Boletín de la BCN, Biblioteca del Congreso de la Nación, 123.

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Laudyn, Urszula Anna, Michał Kwaśny, Mirosław Karpierz, and Gaetano Assanto. "Three-color vector nematicon." Photonics Letters of Poland 9, no.2 (July1, 2017): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v9i2.718.

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Light localization via reorientation in nematic liquid crystals supports multi-component optical spatial solitons, i.e., vector nematicons. By launching three optical beams of different wavelengths and the same input polarization in a bias-free planar cell, we demonstrate a three-color vector nematicon which is self-trapped thanks to its incoherent nature. Full Text: PDF ReferencesG. I. Stegeman and M. Segev, "Optical Spatial Solitons and Their Interactions: Universality and Diversity", Science 286 (5444), 1518 (1999) CrossRef W. Królikowski and O. Bang, "Solitons in nonlocal nonlinear media: Exact solutions", Phys. Rev. E 63, 016610 (2000) CrossRef D. Suter and T. Blasberg, "Stabilization of transverse solitary waves by a nonlocal response of the nonlinear medium", Phys. Rev. A 48, 4583 (1993) CrossRef G. Assanto and M. Peccianti, "Spatial solitons in nematic liquid crystals", IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 39 (1), 13 (2003). CrossRef G. Assanto and M. Karpierz, "Nematicons: self-localised beams in nematic liquid crystals", Liq. Cryst. 36 (10), 1161 (2009) CrossRef M. Peccianti and G. Assanto, "Nematicons", Phys. Rep. 516, 147 (2012). CrossRef M. Peccianti and G. Assanto, "Incoherent spatial solitary waves in nematic liquid crystals", Opt. Lett. 26 (22), 1791 (2001) CrossRef M. Peccianti and G. Assanto, "Nematic liquid crystals: A suitable medium for self-confinement of coherent and incoherent light", Phys. Rev. E Rap. Commun. 65, 035603 (2002) CrossRef G. Assanto, M. Peccianti, C. Umeton, A. De Luca and I. C. Khoo, "Coherent and Incoherent Spatial Solitons in Bulk Nematic Liquid Crystals", Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 375, 617 (2002) CrossRef A. Alberucci, M. Peccianti, G. Assanto, A. Dyadyusha and M. Kaczmarek, "Two-Color Vector Solitons In Nonlocal Media", Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 153903 (2006) CrossRef G. Assanto, N. F. Smyth and A. L. Worthy, "Two-color, nonlocal vector solitary waves with angular momentum in nematic liquid crystals", Phys. Rev. A 78 (1), 013832 (2008) CrossRef G. Assanto, K. Garcia-Reimbert, A. A. Minzoni, N. F. Smyth and A. Worthy, "Lagrange solution for three wavelength solitary wave clusters in nematic liquid crystals", Physica D 240, 1213 (2011) CrossRef G. Assanto, A. A. Minzoni and N. F. Smyth, "Vortex confinement and bending with nonlocal solitons", Opt. Lett. 39 (3), 509 (2014) CrossRef G. Assanto, A. A. Minzoni and N. F. Smyth, "Deflection of nematicon-vortex vector solitons in liquid crystals", Phys. Rev. A 89, 013827 (2014) CrossRef G. Assanto and N. F. Smyth, "Soliton Aided Propagation and Routing of Vortex Beams in Nonlocal Media", J. Las. Opt. Photon. 1, 105 (2014) CrossRef Y. V. Izdebskaya, G. Assanto and W. Krolikowski, "Observation of stable-vector vortex solitons", Opt. Lett. 40 (17), 4182 (2015) CrossRef Y. V. Izdebskaya, W. Krolikowski, N. F. Smyth and G. Assanto, "Vortex stabilization by means of spatial solitons in nonlocal media", J. Opt. 18 (5), 054006 (2016) CrossRef J. F. Henninot, J. Blach and M. Warenghem, "Experimental study of the nonlocality of spatial optical solitons excited in nematic liquid crystal", J. Opt. A 9, 20 (2007) CrossRef Y. V. Izdebskaya, V. G. Shvedov, A. S. Desyatnikov, W. Z. Krolikowski, M. Belic, G. Assanto and Y. S. Kivshar, "Counterpropagating nematicons in bias-free liquid crystals", Opt. Express 18 (4), 3258 (2010) CrossRef N. Karimi, A. Alberucci, M. Virkki, M. Kauranen and G. Assanto, "Phase-front curvature effects on nematicon generation", J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 5 (33), 903 (2016) CrossRef P. G. de Gennes and J. Prost, The Physics of Liquid Crystals, Oxford Science Publications (Clarendon Press, 2nd edition, 1993)I. C. Khoo, Liquid Crystals: Physical Properties and Nonlinear Optical Phenomena (Wiley, New York, 1995)A. Piccardi, M. Trotta, M. Kwasny, A. Alberucci, R. Asquini, M. Karpierz, A. d'Alessandro and G. Assanto, "Trends and trade-offs in nematicon propagation", Appl. Phys. B 104 (4), 805 (2011) CrossRef M. Kwasny, U. A. Laudyn, F. A. Sala, A. Alberucci, M. A. Karpierz and G. Assanto, "Self-guided beams in low-birefringence nematic liquid crystals", Phys. Rev. A 86 (1), 01382 (2012) CrossRef M. Peccianti, A. Fratalocchi and G. Assanto, "Transverse dynamics of nematicons", Opt. Express 12 (26), 6524 (2004) CrossRef C. Conti, M. Peccianti and G. Assanto, "Observation of Optical Spatial Solitons in a Highly Nonlocal Medium", Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 (11), 113902 (2004) CrossRef A. Alberucci, C.-P. Jisha and G. Assanto, "Breather solitons in highly nonlocal media", J. Opt. 18, 125501 (2016) CrossRef

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Sims,RobertC., DarleneE.Fisher, StevenA.Leibo, PasqualeE.Micciche, FredR.VanHartesveldt, W.BenjaminKennedy, C.AshleyEllefson, et al. "Book Reviews." Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 13, no.2 (May5, 1988): 80–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.13.2.80-104.

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Michael B. Katz. Reconstructing American Education. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1987. Pp. viii, 212. Cloth, $22.50; E. D. Hirsch, Jr. Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1987. Pp. xvii, 251. Cloth, $16.45; Diana Ravitch and Chester E. Finn, Jr. What Do Our 17-Year-Olds Know? A Report on the First National Assessment of History and Literature. New York: Harper & Row, 1987. Pp. ix, 293. Cloth, $15.95. Review by Richard A. Diem of The University of Texas at San Antonio. Henry J. Steffens and Mary Jane Dickerson. Writer's Guide: History. Lexington, Massachusetts, and Toronto: D. C. Heath and Company, 1987. Pp. x, 211. Paper, $6.95. Review by William G. Wraga of Bernards Township Public Schools, Basking Ridge, New Jersey. J. Kelley Sowards, ed. Makers of the Western Tradition: Portraits from History. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987. Fourth edition. Vol: 1: Pp. ix, 306. Paper, $12.70. Vol. 2: Pp. ix, 325. Paper, $12.70. Review by Robert B. Luehrs of Fort Hays State University. John L. Beatty and Oliver A. Johnson, eds. Heritage of Western Civilization. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1987. Sixth Edition. Volume I: Pp. xi, 465. Paper, $16.00; Volume II: pp. xi, 404. Paper, $16.00. Review by Dav Levinson of Thayer Academy, Braintree, Massachusetts. Lynn H. Nelson, ed. The Human Perspective: Readings in World Civilization. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1987. Vol. I: The Ancient World to the Early Modern Era. Pp. viii, 328. Paper, $10.50. Vol. II: The Modern World Through the Twentieth Century. Pp, x, 386. Paper, 10.50. Review by Gerald H. Davis of Georgia State University. Gerald N. Grob and George Attan Billias, eds. Interpretations of American History: Patterns and Perspectives. New York: The Free Press, 1987. Fifth Edition. Volume I: Pp. xi, 499. Paper, $20.00: Volume II: Pp. ix, 502. Paper, $20.00. Review by Larry Madaras of Howard Community College. Eugene Kuzirian and Larry Madaras, eds. Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Issues in American History. -- Volume II: Reconstruction to the Present. Guilford, Connecticut: The Dushkin Publishing Groups, Inc., 1987. Pp. xii, 384. Paper, $9.50. Review by James F. Adomanis of Anne Arundel County Public Schools, Annapolis, Maryland. Joann P. Krieg, ed. To Know the Place: Teaching Local History. Hempstead, New York: Hofstra University Long Island Studies Institute, 1986. Pp. 30. Paper, $4.95. Review by Marilyn E. Weigold of Pace University. Roger Lane. Roots of Violence in Black Philadelphia, 1860-1900. Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London: Harvard University Press, 1986. Pp. 213. Cloth, $25.00. Review by Ronald E. Butchart of SUNY College at Cortland. Pete Daniel. Breaking the Land: The Transformation of Cotton, Tobacco, and Rice Cultures since 1880. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1985. Pp. xvi, 352. Paper, $22.50. Review by Thomas S. Isern of Emporia State University. Norman L. Rosenberg and Emily S. Rosenberg. In Our Times: America Since World War II. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1987. Third edition. Pp. xi, 316. Paper, $20.00; William H. Chafe and Harvard Sitkoff, eds. A History of Our Time: Readings on Postwar America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. Second edition. Pp. xiii, 453. Paper, $12.95. Review by Monroe Billington of New Mexico State University. Frank W. Porter III, ed. Strategies for Survival: American Indians in the Eastern United States. New York, Westport, Connecticut, and London: Greenwood Press, 1986. Pp. xvi, 232. Cloth, $35.00. Review by Richard Robertson of St. Charles County Community College. Kevin Sharpe, ed. Faction & Parliament: Essays on Early Stuart History. London and New York: Methuen, 1985. Pp. xvii, 292. Paper, $13.95; Derek Hirst. Authority and Conflict: England, 1603-1658. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986. Pp. viii, 390. Cloth, $35.00. Review by K. Gird Romer of Kennesaw College. N. F. R. Crafts. British Economic Growth During the Industrial Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. Pp. 193. Paper, $11.95; Maxine Berg. The Age of Manufactures, 1700-1820. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. Pp. 378. Paper, $10.95. Review by C. Ashley Ellefson of SUNY College at Cortland. J. M. Thompson. The French Revolution. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985 reissue. Pp. xvi, 544. Cloth, $45.00; Paper, $12.95. Review by W. Benjamin Kennedy of West Georgia College. J. P. T. Bury. France, 1814-1940. London and New York: Methuen, 1985. Fifth edition. Pp. viii, 288. Paper, $13.95; Roger Magraw. France, 1815-1914: The Bourgeois Century. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985. Pp. 375. Cloth, $24.95; Paper, $9.95; D. M.G. Sutherland. France, 1789-1815: Revolution and Counterrevolution. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. Pp. 242. Cloth, $32.50; Paper, $12.95. Review by Fred R. van Hartesveldt of Fort Valley State College. Woodford McClellan. Russia: A History of the Soviet Period. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1986. Pp. xi, 387. Paper, $23.95. Review by Pasquale E. Micciche of Fitchburg State College. Ranbir Vohra. China's Path to Modernization: A Historical Review from 1800 to the Present. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1987. Pp. xiii, 302. Paper, $22.95. Reivew by Steven A. Leibo of Russell Sage College. John King Fairbank. China Watch. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1987. Pp. viii, Cloth, $20.00. Review by Darlene E. Fisher of New Trier Township High School, Winnetka, Illinois. Ronald Takaki, ed. From Different Shores: Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity in America. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. Pp. 253. Paper, $13.95. Review by Robert C. Sims of Boise State University.

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Assanto, Gaetano, Sreekanth Perumbilavil, Armando Piccardi, and Martti Kauranen. "Electro-optic steering of random laser emission in liquid crystals." Photonics Letters of Poland 10, no.4 (December31, 2018): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v10i4.852.

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Using an external low-frequency electric field applied to dye-doped nematic liquid crystals, we demonstrate that random lasing obtained by optical pumping can be steered in angular direction by routing an all-optical waveguide able to collect the emitted light. By varying the applied voltage from 0 to 2 V, we reduce the walk-off and sweep the random laser guided beam over 7 degrees. Full Text: PDF ReferencesV. S. Letokhov, "Generation of light by a scattering medium with negative resonance absorption," Sov. Phys. JETP 26 (4), 835 (1968). DirectLink H. Cao, J. Y. Xu, D. Z. Zhang, S.-H. Chang, S. T. Ho, E. W. Seelig, X. Liu, and R. P. H. Chang, "Spatial Confinement of Laser Light in Active Random Media," Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 (24), 5584 (2000). CrossRef D. S. Wiersma, "The physics and applications of random lasers," Nature Phys. 4 (5) 359-367 (2008). CrossRef D. Wiersma and S. Cavalieri, "A temperature-tunable random laser," Nature 414, 708-709 (2001). CrossRef G. Strangi, S. Ferjani, V. Barna, A. De Luca, N. Scaramuzza, C. Versace, C. Umeton, and R. Bartolino, "Random lasing and weak localization of light in dye-doped nematic liquid crystals," Opt. Express 14 (17), 7737 (2006). CrossRef G. Strangi, S. Ferjani, V. Barna, A. De Luca, C. Versace, N. Scaramuzza, and R. Bartolino, "Random lasing in dye doped nematic liquid crystals: the role of confinement geometry," SPIE 6587, 65870P (2007) doi: 10.1117/12.722887 CrossRef S. Ferjani, V. Barna, A. De Luca, C. Versace, and G. Strangi, "Random lasing in freely suspended dye-doped nematic liquid crystals," Opt. Lett. 33(6), 557-559 (2008). CrossRef S. Ferjani, L-V. Sorriso, V. Barna, A. De Luca, R. De Marco, and G. Strangi, "Statistical analysis of random lasing emission properties in nematic liquid crystals," Phys. Rev. E 78 (1) 011707 (2008). CrossRef H. Bian, F. Yao, H. Liu, F. Huang, Y. Pei, C. Hou, and X. Sun, "Optically controlled random lasing based on photothermal effect in dye-doped nematic liquid crystals," Liq. Cryst. 41 (10), 1436-1441 (2014) CrossRef C. R. Lee, S. H. Lin, C. H. Guo, S. H. Chang, T. S. Mo, and S. C. Chu, "All-optically controllable random laser based on a dye-doped polymer-dispersed liquid crystal with nano-sized droplets," Opt. Express 18 (3), 2406-2412 (2010) CrossRef S. Perumbilavil, A. Piccardi, O. Buchnev, M. Kauranen, G. Strangi, and G. Assanto, "Soliton-assisted random lasing in optically-pumped liquid crystals," Appl. Phys. Lett. 109(16), 161105 (2016); ibid. 110(1), 1019902 (2017). CrossRef S. Perumbilavil, A. Piccardi, O. Buchnev, M. Kauranen, G. Strangi, and G. Assanto, "All-optical guided-wave random laser in nematic liquid crystals", Opt. Express 25 (5), 4672-4679 (2017). CrossRef S. Perumbilavil, A. Piccardi, R. Barboza, O. Buchnev, M. Kauranen, G. Strangi, and G. Assanto, "Beaming random laser with soliton control," Nature Comm., in press (2018) CrossRef M. Peccianti, C. Conti, G. Assanto, A. De Luca and C. Umeton, "Routing of Anisotropic Spatial Solitons and Modulational Instability in liquid crystals," Nature 432, 733-737 (2004). CrossRef J. Beeckman, K. Neyts and M. Haeltermann, "Patterned electrode steering of nematicons," J. Opt. A - Pure Appl. Opt. 8 (2), 214-220 (2006). CrossRef A. Piccardi, M. Peccianti, G. Assanto, A. Dyadyusha and M. Kaczmarek, "Voltage-driven in-plane steering of nematicons," Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 091106 (2009). CrossRef R. Barboza, A. Alberucci, and G. Assanto, "Large electro-optic beam steering with Nematicons", Opt. Lett. 36 (14), 2611–2613 (2011). CrossRef A. Piccardi, A. Alberucci, R. Barboza, O. Buchnev, M. Kaczmarek, and G. Assanto, "In-plane steering of nematicon waveguides across an electrically adjusted interface", Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 (25), 251107 (2012). CrossRef Y. V. Izdebskaya, "Routing of spatial solitons by interaction with rod microelectrodes," Opt. Lett. 39(6), 1681-1684 (2014). CrossRef A. Pasquazi, A. Alberucci, M. Peccianti, and G. Assanto, "Signal processing by opto-optical interactions between self-localized and free propagating beams in liquid crystals," Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 261104 (2005). CrossRef S. V. Serak, N. V. Tabiryan, M. Peccianti and G. Assanto, "Spatial Soliton All-Optical Logic Gates", IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18 (12), 1287-1289 (2006). CrossRef M. Peccianti, C. Conti, G. Assanto, A. De Luca and C. Umeton, "All Optical Switching and Logic Gating with Spatial Solitons in Liquid Crystals," Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(18), 3335-3337 (2002). CrossRef A. Fratalocchi, A. Piccardi, M. Peccianti and G. Assanto, "Nonlinearly controlled angular momentum of soliton clusters," Opt. Lett. 32(11), 1447-1449 (2007). CrossRef Y. Izdebskaya, V. Shvedov, G. Assanto, and W. Krolikowski, Nat. Comm. 8, 14452 (2017). CrossRef M. Peccianti and G. Assanto, "Nematicons," Phys. Rep. 516, 147-208 (2012). CrossRef Y. Izdebskaya, A. Desyatnikov, G. Assanto and Y. Kivshar, "Deflection of nematicons through interaction with dielectric particles," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 30(6), 1432-1437 (2013). CrossRef U. Laudyn, M. Kwasny, F. Sala, M. Karpierz, N. F. Smyth, and G. Assanto,"Curved solitons subject to transverse acceleration in reorientational soft matter," Sci. Rep. 7, 12385 (2017). CrossRef A. Alberucci, A. Piccardi, M. Peccianti, M. Kaczmarek and G. Assanto, "Propagation of spatial optical solitons in a dielectric with adjustable nonlinearity", Phys. Rev. A 82, 023806 (2010). CrossRef

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Nienałtowski, Patryk, Maria Baczewska, and Małgorzata Kujawińska. "Comparison of fixed and living biological cells parameters investigated with digital holographic microscope." Photonics Letters of Poland 12, no.1 (March31, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v12i1.971.

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The statistical analysis and comparison of biophysical parameters of living and fixed, mouse embryonic fibroblasts cells are presented. The parameters are calculated based on phase measurements performed by means of a digital, holographic microscope. The phases are retrieved from off-axis, image plane holograms, followed by custom image segmentation and statistical analysis of cells’ surface, phase volume and dry mass. The results indicated statistically significant differences between fixed and living cell parameters, which is an important message for setting methodology for further diagnosis based on quantitative phase (label-free) analysis.Full Text: PDF References:K. Alm, et al. "Cells and Holograms – Holograms and Digital Holographic Microscopy as a Tool to Study the Morphology of Living Cells", InTech, 2013. [CrossRef]Y. Rivenson, Y. Wu, A. Ozcan, Light: "Deep learning in holography and coherent imaging", Science & Applications, 8, Art. No. 85 (2019) [CrossRef]Min, et al. Optics Letters, 42, Issue 2, pp. 227-230, (2017) [CrossRef]M. Baczewska, Measurements and analysis of cells and histological skin sections based on digital holographic microscopy, WUT master thesis, 2018. [CrossRef]P. Stępień, D. Korbuszewski, M. Kujawińska, "Digital Holographic Microscopy with extended field of view using tool for generic image stitching", ETRI Journal, 41(1), 73-83, (2019). [CrossRef]S. Beucher, Serge, The Watershed Transformation Applied To Image Segmentation, Scanning microscopy. Supplement 6, (2000) [DirectLink]J. A. Hartigan, M. A. Wong, "A K-Means Clustering Algorithm", Applied Statistics, (1979) [CrossRef]J. Serra, Image Analysis and Mathematical Morphology, Academic Press, (1982) [DirectLink]P. Girshovitz, N. T. Shaked, "Generalized cell morphological parameters based on interferometric phase microscopy and their application to cell life cycle characterization", Biomedical Optics Express Vol. 3, Issue 8, pp. 1757-1773, (2012) [CrossRef]

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El-Zastrouw, Ngatawi. "Menuju Sosiologi Nusantara: Analisa Sosiologis Ajaran Ki Ageng Suryomentaram dan Amanat Galunggung." ISLAM NUSANTARA: Journal for Study of Islamic History and Culture 1, no.1 (July30, 2020): 89–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.47776/islamnusantara.v1i1.46.

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The discourse on indigenizing of social sciences has been popular among Indonesian scholars since 1970s. However, it has not shown any significant development, in spite of many writings of Nusantara scholars that can be bases of references to develop sociological theories of Nusantara, such as the manuscripts of Kawruh Jiwo Ki Ageng Suryomentaram and Amanat Galunggung. Making an effort to indigenize social sciences of Nusantara, the present study investigates both manuscripts. The results of the study argue that there are basic theories of sociology discussed in those two manuscripts. For example, the concepts of social integration (kabuyutan), division of labor, and historical consciousness, which are discussed in the manuscript of Amanat Galunggung. The sociological perspective of Amanat Galunggung is very similar to the structural-functional theory. While, the concepts found in Kawruh Jiwo Ki Ageng Suryomentaram, such as the concepts of four division of human being, feeling (rasa) and intention (karep), and reciprocal relations between human and society. Those theories are genuine and authentical; and if the theories are developed, they will result in a typical of Nusantara sociological theory. Keywords: Indigeneus, Kramadangsa, Rasa, Kabuyutan, Tri Tangtu REFERENCE Alatas, S.F., (2010), Diskusus Alternatif Dalam Ilmu Sosial Asia, Tanggapan Terhadap Eurocentrisme, Bandung, Mizan, Anthony Giddens (1997), Central Problem in Social Theoty, Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of Callifornia Press. Ary, H. Gunawan (2000), Sosiologi: Suatu Analisis Sosiologi tentang Pelbagai Problem Pendidikan, Cet. I; Jakarta: Rinika Cipta. Astrid S. Susanto (1979) Pengantar Sosiologi dan Perubahan Sosial, Bandung, Binacipta. Allice S. Rossi (ed.), 1985, Sosiology and Antropoly in the People’s Republic of China, National Academy Press, Washington DC.; Bacthiar Wardi (2010). Sosiologi Klasik Dari Comte hingga Parsons. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya. Bento, Ted dan Ian Craib (2009). Filsafat Ilmu Sosial Pendasaran Filosofis Bagi Pemikiran Sosial. Yogyakarta: Ledalero. Budiman, Arif (1991), Negara dan Pembangunan; Study tentang Indonesia dan Korea Selatan, Jakarta Yayasan Padi Kapas. Chambliss, Rollin (1954), Social Thought, New York, Dryden Press; Danasasmita, S. (1987). Sewaka Darma, Sanghyang Siksakandang Amanat Galunggung. Bandung: BP3 Kebudayaan Sunda Depdikbud; Drapper, Hal, (1978) “Karl Marx’s Theory of Revolution The Politics of Social Classes,” Vol. II, Monthly Review Press, Faruk.(2010), Pengantar Sosiologi Sastra, dari Strukturalisme Genetik sampai Post Strukturalisme.Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar Heri Santoso, (1997), Dimensi Epistemoligis Dalam Indegenisasi Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial di Indonesia, Jurnal Edisi Khusus; hal. 188 dikutip dari https://media.neliti.com/media/ publications/228423-dimensi-epistemologis-dalam-indeginisasi-022d80a4.pdf, diakses pada 5 Agustus 2020. Jacson, Karl D. and Lucian Pye (ed.), Political Power and Communication in Indonesia, Berkeley and Los Angles, University of California Press. Jatman, Darmanto, (2000). Psikologi Jawa, Yogyakarta, Bentang Budaya; ----------------------, (2008), Ilmu Jiawa Kaum Pribumi (Indigeneus Psycology, Pidato Pengukuhan Guru Besar Psikologi Undip Johnson, Doyle Paul (1986), Teori Sosiologi Klasik dan Modern, jilid 1 dan 2 (terj. Robert M.Z. Lawang), Jakarta, Gramedia Noorduyn dan A. Teew, Tiga Pesona Sunda Kuno, terj. Hawe Setiawan, Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, Jones, (2003) Pengantar Teori-Teori Social: Dari Teori Fungsionalisme Hingga Post-Modernisme, (trj.Saifuddin), Jakarta: Pustaka Obor Ki Fudyartanto, (2002), Psikologi Kepribadian Timur, Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar; Kuntowijoyo, (1990) Paradigma Islam; Interpretasi Untuk Aksi, Bandung, Mizan; ---------------, , (2001), Muslim tanpa Msjid, Bandung, Mizan; Lubis, N. H. (2013). Sejarah Kerajaan Sunda.Bandung: Yayasan MSI; Mas’ud, Mochtar (1994), Politik Birokrasi dan Pembangunan, Yogyakarta, Pustaka Pelajar Mills, C. Wright and Hans Gerth, (1956), From Max Weber; Essays in Sociology, New York, Oxford University Press; Nasiwan dan Yuyun Sri Wahyuni (2016), Seri Teoti-Teori Sosial Indonesia, Yogyakarta, UNY Press, Prihartanti, (2004) Kepribadian sehat menurut konsep Suryomentaram, Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University Press; Rangga Saptya Mohamad Permana, Makna Tri Tangtu di Buana Yang Mengandung Aspek Komunikasi Politik Dalam Framen Carita Prahyangan, Jurnal Kajian Komunikasi, Volume 3, No. 2, Desember 2015 Ratih Suryowiyono (2007), Ki Ageng Suryomentaram Sang Plato dari Jawa, Yogyakarta: Cemerlang Publishing, Schutz, Alfred dan Thomas Luchmann, (1973), the Structure of the Life-World, Evanston, III; Northwetern University Press, Soerjono Soekanto, (1985), Sosiologi Suatu Pengantar , Cet. V; Jakarta: CV Rajawali, Sri Teddy Rusdi (2014), Epistemologi Ki Ageng Suryomentaram, Tandhesan Kawruh Bab Kawruh Jakarta: Yayasan Kertagama; Suaedy, Ahmad (2018), Gusdur, Islam Nusantara dan Kewarganegaraan Bineka, Jakarta, Gramedia Pustaka Utama; Sugiarto, Ryan, (2015), Psikologi Raos; Saintifikasi Kawruh Jiwo Ki Ageng Suryomentaram, Yogyakarta, Pustaka Ifada Sumaryono, E. (1999). Hermeneutik: sebuah metode filsafat. Yogyakarta: Kanisisus Suryomentaram, Grangsang (1990), Kawruh Jiwa, jilid 1-4, Jakarta: CV. Haji Masagung, Suryalaga, H.R. Hidayat, (2010), Rawayan Jati Kasundaan, (Bandung, Yayasan Nurhdayah, Turner, Jonathan H. (1990), The Strucrure of Sosiological Theory, Belimont, California, Wadsworth Publishing Company Weber, Max (1947), The Theoty of Social and Economic Organzation, New York, Free Press and McMillan Publishing Company. Sumber Internet https://id.usembassy.gov/id/education-culture-id/program-fulbright-id/, diakses tanggal 17 Agustus 2020 https://id.usembassy.gov/id/amerika-serikat-berikan-satu-juta-dolar-dana-penelitian-untuk-enam-ilmuwan-indonesia/, diakses pada 5 Agustus 2020 https://id.usembassy.gov/id/amerika-serikat-dan-indonesia-resmikan-lima-pusat-kerjasama-penelitian-berkualitas-tinggi-di-indonesia/, diakses pada 5 Agustus 2020

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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 59, no.1-2 (January1, 1985): 73–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002078.

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-Stanley L. Engerman, B.W. Higman, Slave populations of the British Caribbean, 1807-1834. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, Johns Hopkins Studies in Atlantic History and Culture, 1984. xxxiii + 781 pp.-Susan Lowes, Gad J. Heuman, Between black and white: race, politics, and the free coloureds in Jamaica, 1792-1865. Westport CT: Greenwood Press, Contributions in Comparative Colonial Studies No. 5, 1981. 20 + 321 pp.-Anthony Payne, Lester D. Langley, The banana wars: an inner history of American empire, 1900-1934. Lexington KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1983. VIII + 255 pp.-Roger N. Buckley, David Geggus, Slavery, war and revolution: the British occupation of Saint Domingue, 1793-1798. New York: The Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, 1982. xli + 492 pp.-Gabriel Debien, George Breathett, The Catholic Church in Haiti (1704-1785): selected letters, memoirs and documents. Chapel Hill NC: Documentary Publications, 1983. xii + 202 pp.-Alex Stepick, Michel S. Laguerre, American Odyssey: Haitians in New York City. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1984. 198 pp-Andres Serbin, H. Michael Erisman, The Caribbean challenge: U.S. policy in a volatile region. Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1984. xiii + 208 pp.-Andres Serbin, Ransford W. Palmer, Problems of development in beautiful countries: perspectives on the Caribbean. Lanham MD: The North-South Publishing Company, 1984. xvii + 91 pp.-Carl Stone, Anthony Payne, The politics of the Caribbean community 1961-79: regional integration among new states. Oxford: Manchester University Press, 1980. xi + 299 pp.-Evelyne Huber Stephens, Michael Manley, Jamaica: struggle in the periphery. London: Third World Media, in association with Writers and Readers Publishing Cooperative Society, 1982. xi + 259 pp.-Rhoda Reddock, Epica Task Force, Grenada: the peaceful revolution. Washington D.C., 1982. 132 pp.-Rhoda Reddock, W. Richard Jacobs ,Grenada: the route to revolution. Havana: Casa de Las Americas, 1979. 157 pp., Ian Jacobs (eds)-Jacqueline Anne Braveboy-Wagner, Andres Serbin, Geopolitica de las relaciones de Venezuela con el Caribe. Caracas: Fundación Fondo Editorial Acta Cientifica Venezolana, 1983.-Idsa E. Alegria-Ortega, Jorge Heine, Time for decision: the United States and Puerto Rico. Lanham MD: North-South Publishing Co., 1983. xi + 303 pp.-Richard Hart, Edward A. Alpers ,Walter Rodney, revolutionary and scholar: a tribute. Los Angeles: Center for Afro-American Studies and African Studies Center, University of California, 1982. xi + 187 pp., Pierre-Michel Fontaine (eds)-Paul Sutton, Patrick Solomon, Solomon: an autobiography. Trinidad: Inprint Caribbean, 1981. x + 253 pp.-Paul Sutton, Selwyn R. Cudjoe, Movement of the people: essays on independence. Ithaca NY: Calaloux Publications, 1983. xii + 217 pp.-David Barry Gaspar, Richard Price, To slay the Hydra: Dutch colonial perspectives on the Saramaka wars. Ann Arbor MI: Karoma Publishers, 1983. 249 pp.-Gary Brana-Shute, R. van Lier, Bonuman: een studie van zeven religieuze specialisten in Suriname. Leiden: Institute of Cultural and Social Studies, ICA Publication no. 60, 1983. iii + 132 pp.-W. van Wetering, Charles J. Wooding, Evolving culture: a cross-cultural study of Suriname, West Africa and the Caribbean. Washington: University Press of America 1981. 343 pp.-Humphrey E. Lamur, Sergio Diaz-Briquets, The health revolution in Cuba. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1983. xvii + 227 pp.-Forrest D. Colburn, Ramesh F. Ramsaran, The monetary and financial system of the Bahamas: growth, structure and operation. Mona, Jamaica: Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies, 1984. xiii + 409 pp.-Wim Statius Muller, A.M.G. Rutten, Leven en werken van de dichter-musicus J.S. Corsen. Assen, The Netherlands: Van Gorcum, 1983. xiv + 340 pp.-Louis Allaire, Ricardo E. Alegria, Ball courts and ceremonial plazas in the West Indies. New Haven: Department of Anthropology of Yale University, Yale University Publications in Anthropology No. 79, 1983. lx + 185 pp.-Kenneth Ramchand, Sandra Paquet, The Novels of George Lamming. London: Heinemann, 1982. 132 pp.

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Moś, Joanna Ewa, Karol Antoni Stasiewicz, and Leszek Roman Jaroszewicz. "Liquid crystal cell with a tapered optical fiber as an active element to optical applications." Photonics Letters of Poland 11, no.1 (April3, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v11i1.879.

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The work describes the technology of a liquid crystal cell with a tapered optical fiber as an element providing light. The tapered optical fiber with the total optical loss of 0.22 ± 0.07 dB, the taper waist diameter of 15.5 ± 0.5 μm, and the elongation of 20.4 ± 0.3 mm has been used. The experimental results are presented for a liquid crystal cell filled with a mixture 1550* for parallel orientation of LC molecules to the cross section of the taper waist. Measurement results show the influence of the electrical field with voltage in the range of 0-200 V, without, as well as with different modulation for spectral characteristics. The sinusoidal and square signal shapes are used with a 1-10 Hz frequency range. Full Text: PDF ReferencesZ. Liu, H. Y. Tam, L. Htein, M. L.Vincent Tse, C. Lu, "Microstructured Optical Fiber Sensors", J. Lightwave Technol. 35, 16 (2017). CrossRef T. R. Wolinski, K. Szaniawska, S. Ertman1, P. Lesiak, A. W. Domański, R. Dabrowski, E. Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki, J. Wojcik "Influence of temperature and electrical fields on propagation properties of photonic liquid-crystal fibres", Meas. Sci. Technol. 17, 5 (2006). CrossRef K. Nielsen, D. Noordegraaf, T. Sørensen, A. Bjarklev,T. Hansen, "Selective filling of photonic crystal fibres", J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 7, 8 (2005). CrossRef A. A. Rifat, G. A. Mahdiraji, D. M. Chow, Y, Gang Shee, R. Ahmed, F. Rafiq, M Adikan, "Photonic Crystal Fiber-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor with Selective Analyte Channels and Graphene-Silver Deposited Core", Sensors 15, 5 (2015) CrossRef Y. Huang, Z.Tian, L.P. Sun, D. Sun, J.Li, Y.Ran, B.-O. Guan "High-sensitivity DNA biosensor based on optical fiber taper interferometer coated with conjugated polymer tentacle", Opt. Express 23, 21 (2015). CrossRef X. Wang, O. S. Wolfbeis, "The 2016 Annual Review Issue", Anal. Chem., 88, 1 (2016). CrossRef Ye Tian, W. Wang, N. Wu, X. Zou, X.Wang, "Tapered Optical Fiber Sensor for Label-Free Detection of Biomolecules", Sensors 11, 4 (2011). CrossRef O. Katsunari, Fundamentals of Optical Waveguides, (London, Academic Press, (2006). DirectLink A. K. Sharma, J. Rajan, B.D. Gupta, "Fiber-Optic Sensors Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance: A Comprehensive Review", IEEE Sensors Journal 7, 8 (2007). CrossRef C. Caucheteur, T. Guo, J. Albert, "Review of plasmonic fiber optic biochemical sensors: improving the limit of detection", Anal. Bioanal.Chem. 407, 14 (2015). CrossRef S. F. Silva L. Coelho, O. Frazão, J. L. Santos, F. X.r Malcata, "A Review of Palladium-Based Fiber-Optic Sensors for Molecular Hydrogen Detection", IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 12, 1 (2012). CrossRef H. Waechter, J. Litman, A. H. Cheung, J. A. Barnes, H.P. Loock, "Chemical Sensing Using Fiber Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy", Sensors 10, 3 (2010). CrossRef S. Zhu, F. Pang, S. Huang, F.Zou, Y.Dong, T.Wang, "High sensitivity refractive index sensor based on adiabatic tapered optical fiber deposited with nanofilm by ALD", Opt. Express 23, 11 (2015). CrossRef L. Zhang, J. Lou, L. Tong, "Micro/nanofiber optical sensors", Photonics sensor 1, 1 (2011). CrossRef L.Tong, J. Lou, E. Mazur, "Single-mode guiding properties of subwavelength-diameter silica and silicon wire waveguides", Opt. Express 11, 6 (2004). CrossRef H. Moyyed, I. T. Leite, L. Coelho, J. L. Santos, D. Viegas, "Analysis of phase interrogated SPR fiber optic sensors with bimetallic layers", IEEE Sensors Journal 14, 10 (2014). CrossRef A. González-Cano, M. Cruz Navarette, Ó. Esteban, N. Diaz Herrera , "Plasmonic sensors based on doubly-deposited tapered optical fibers", Sensors 14, 3 (2014). CrossRef K. A. Stasiewicz, J.E. Moś, "Threshold temperature optical fibre sensors", Opt. Fiber Technol. 32, (2016). CrossRef L. Zhang, F. Gu, J. Lou, X. Yin, L. Tong, "Fast detection of humidity with a subwavelength-diameter fiber taper coated with gelatin film", Opt. Express 16, 17 (2008). CrossRef S.Zhu, F.Pang, S. Huang, F. Zou, Q. Guo, J. Wen, T. Wang, "High Sensitivity Refractometer Based on TiO2-Coated Adiabatic Tapered Optical Fiber via ALD Technology", Sensors 16, 8 (2016). CrossRef G.Brambilla, "Optical fibre nanowires and microwires: a review", J. Optics 12, 4 (2010) CrossRef M. Ahmad, L.L. Hench, "Effect of taper geometries and launch angle on evanescent wave penetration depth in optical fibers", Biosens. Bioelectron. 20, 7 (2005). CrossRef L.M. Blinov, Electrooptic Effects in Liquid Crystal Materials (New York, Springftianer, 1994). CrossRef L. Scolari, T.T. Alkeskjold, A. Bjarklev, "Tunable Gaussian filter based on tapered liquid crystal photonic bandgap fibre", Electron. Lett. 42, 22 (2006). CrossRef J. Moś, M. Florek, K. Garbat, K.A. Stasiewicz, N. Bennis, L.R. Jaroszewicz, "In-Line Tunable Nematic Liquid Crystal Fiber Optic Device", J. of Lightwave Technol. 36, 4 (2017). CrossRef J. Moś, K A Stasiewicz, K Garbat, P Morawiak, W Piecek, L R Jaroszewicz, "Tapered fiber liquid crystal hybrid broad band device", Phys. Scripta. 93, 12 (2018). CrossRef Ch. Veilleux, J. Lapierre, J. Bures, "Liquid-crystal-clad tapered fibers", Opt. Lett. 11, 11 (1986). CrossRef R. Dąbrowski, K. Garbat, S. Urban, T.R. Woliński, J. Dziaduszek, T. Ogrodnik, A,Siarkowska, "Low-birefringence liquid crystal mixtures for photonic liquid crystal fibres application", Liq. Cryst. 44, (2017). CrossRef S. Lacroix, R. J. Black, Ch. Veilleux, J. Lapierre, "Tapered single-mode fibers: external refractive-index dependence", Appl. Opt., 25, 15 (1986). CrossRef J.F. Henninot, D. Louvergneaux , N.Tabiryan, M. Warenghem, "Controlled Leakage of a Tapered Optical Fiber with Liquid Crystal Cladding", Mol. Cryst.and Liq.Cryst., 282, 1(1996). CrossRef

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Malimon, Liudmyla, and Alla Pashkina. "Psychosemantic Analysis of the Concept of Manager’s Competence." East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 6, no.2 (December27, 2019): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2019.6.2.mal.

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The article deals with the psychosemantic reconstruction of the concept of manager’s competence. The study is based on free word association test (WAT) held with the managers of public administration (n=38) from Volyn Oblast (Ukraine) and master candidates of the public administration program (n=38) who studied at Eastern European National University in Lutsk (Ukraine). Nuclear zones, single frequency responses, and associative field structure of the investigated concept in the two samples were analyzed. The most frequent nuclear associations confirmed the lexicographic meaning of the concept “competence” and revealed that the leader’s expertise is closely related to their professional knowledge and skills. Next, factor analysis of data obtained from the Semantic Differential (SD) test established common and distinctive features of the semantic field structure of the concept of manager’s competence. The research results showed that the managers from the sample emphasized the importance of experience and effectiveness, the development of their professionally relevant job skills and ability to influence their subordinates. By contrast, master candidates, along with experience and job skills, indicated a set of characteristics that demonstrate the need for a general intellectual level of the managers, their moral and ethical personality traits, and their ability to maintain effective interpersonal interaction. References Болотіна Є. В. Компетентнісний підхід в державному управлінні: становлення та еволюція / Економічний вісник Донбасу. 2017. № 3(49). С. 138-145. Bolotina, Ie. V. (2017). Kompetentnisnyi pidkhid v derzhavnomu upravlinni: stanovlennia ta evoliutsiia. [Competence-Based Approach in State Administration: Establishment and Evolution.] Ekonomichnyi Visnyk Donbasu, № 3(49), 138-145. Дробот О. В. Психосемантика управлінської свідомості керівника: монографія. Донецьк: Східний видавничий дім, 2014. Drobot, O. V. (2014). Psykhosemantyka upravlins’koii svidomosti kerivnyka [Psychosemantics of the Managerial Consciousness of the Leader]. Donetsk: Skhidnyi Vydavnychyi Dim. Жмінка С. П. Зарубіжний досвід впровадження компетентнісного підходу в державне управління. Ефективність державного управління: зб. наук. праць. 2013. Вип. 37. С. 451-458. Zhminka, S. P. (2013). Zarubizhnyi dosvid vprovadzhennia kompetentnisnoho pidhodu v derzhavne upravlinnia [Foreign experience of competence-based approach implementation into state administration]. Efectyvnist’ Derzhavnoho Upravlinnia, 37, 451-458. Кукуля А. Принципи професіоналізму державних службовців та профілі професійної компетентності посад державної служби. Вісн. держ. служби України. 2012. № 3. С. 11-17. Kukulia, A. (2012). Pryntsypy profesionalizmu derzhavnykh sluzhbovtsiv ta profili profesiinoii kompetentnosti posad derzhavnoii sluzhby [principles of civil servants professionalism and civil service positions professional competence profiles]. Visnyk Derzhavnoyi Sluzhby Ukrainy, 3, 11-17. Линдюк О. Профілі професійної компетентності державних службовців як складова модернізації державної служби. Державне управління та місцеве самоврядування. 2015. Вип. 4(27). С. 187-199. Lyndiuk, O. (2015). Profili profesiinoii kompetentnosti derzhavnykh sluzhbovtsiv iak skladova modernisatsii derzhavnoii sluzhby [Civil servants professional competence profiles as a component of civil service modernization]. Derzhavne Upravlinnia ta Mistseve Samovriaduvannia, 4(27), 187-199. Лозова О. М. Психосемантика етнічної свідомості. К: Освіта України, 2007. Lozova, O. M. (2007). Psykhosemantyka Etnichnoii Svidomosti [Psychosemantics of Ethnic Consciousness]. Kyiv. Петренко В. Ф. Основы психосемантики. СПб.: Питер. 2005. Petrenko, V. (2005). Osnovy Psikhosemantiki [Foundations of Psychosemantics]. S.-Petrsburg: Piter. Dictionaries Караванський С. Практичний словник синонімів української мови. Київ, 2000. Словник української мови: в 11 томах. Академічний тлумачний словник (1970—1980). Т. 4. 1973. С. 250. Stevenson, A. (Ed.). (2010). Oxford Dictionary of English. Oxford University Press, USA. References (translated and transliterated) Bolotina, Ie. V. (2017). Kompetentnisnyi pidkhid v derzhavnomu upravlinni: stanovlennia ta evoliutsiia. [Competence-Based Approach in State Administration: Establishment and Evolution.] Ekonomichnyi Visnyk Donbasu, № 3(49), 138-145. Drobot, O. V. (2014). Psykhosemantyka upravlins’koii svidomosti kerivnyka [Psychosemantics of the Managerial Consciousness of the Leader]. Donetsk: Skhidnyi Vydavnychyi Dim. Zhminka, S. P. (2013). Zarubizhnyi dosvid vprovadzhennia kompetentnisnoho pidhodu v derzhavne upravlinnia [Foreign experience of competence-based approach implementation into state administration]. Efectyvnist’ Derzhavnoho Upravlinnia, 37, 451-458. Kukulia, A. (2012). Pryntsypy profesionalizmu derzhavnykh sluzhbovtsiv ta profili profesiinoii kompetentnosti posad derzhavnoii sluzhby [principles of civil servants professionalism and civil service positions professional competence profiles]. Visnyk Derzhavnoyi Sluzhby Ukrainy, 3, 11-17. Lyndiuk, O. (2015). Profili profesiinoii kompetentnosti derzhavnykh sluzhbovtsiv iak skladova modernisatsii derzhavnoii sluzhby [Civil servants professional competence profiles as a component of civil service modernization]. Derzhavne Upravlinnia ta Mistseve Samovriaduvannia, 4(27), 187-199. Lozova, O. M. (2007). Psykhosemantyka Etnichnoii Svidomosti [Psychosemantics of Ethnic Consciousness]. Kyiv: Osvita Ukraїny. Petrenko, V. (2005). Osnovy Psikhosemantiki [Foundations of Psychosemantics]. S.-Petrsburg: Piter. Dictionaries (translated and transliterated) Karavansky, S. (2000). Praktychnyi Slovnyk Synonimiv Ukrains’koii Movy [The Practical Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language Synonyms]. Kyiv. Slovnyk ukrains’koii movy: v 11 tomakh. Akademichnyi tlumachnyi slovnyk. (1970-1980) (1973).. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 Volumes. Academic Dictionary. 1970-1980], 4, 250. Stevenson, A. (Ed.). (2010). Oxford Dictionary of English. Oxford University Press, USA.

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Kristanto, Wisnu. "Javanese Traditional Songs for Early Childhood Character Education." JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini 14, no.1 (April30, 2020): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/141.12.

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Character education in early childhood is not new, and character education is also not just a transfer of knowledge, but something that needs to be built early on through various stimula- tions. This study aims to develop the character of early childhood through audio-visual media with traditional Javanese songs. Using educational design-based research to develop audio-visual media from traditional songs, this media was tested in the field with an experimental design with a control group. Respondents involved 71 kindergarten students from one experimental class in one control class. The data revealed that character education in children shows the average value of the experi- mental class is higher than the control group, this means character education in children can be built through traditional songs. Further research can be done to improve the character of early childhood through a variety of media that interests children. Keywords: Early Childhood, Character Education, Javanese Traditional Songs Media References: Anderson, T., & Shattuck, J. (2012). Design-based research: A decade of progress in education research? Educational Researcher, 41(1), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X11428813 Bates, A. (2016). The management of ‘emotional labour’ in the corporate re-imagining of primary education in England. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 26(1), 66–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/09620214.2016.1175959 Bates, A. (2019). Character education and the ‘priority of recognition.’ Cambridge Journal of Education, 49(6), 695–710. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305764X.2019.1590529 Battistich, V., Schaps, E., Watson, M., Solomon, D., & Lewis, C. (2000). Effects of the Child Development Project on students’ drug use and other problem behaviors. Journal of Primary Prevention, 21(1), 75–99. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007057414994 Berkowitz, M. W. (1933). The Science of Character. The Journal of Philosophy, 30(20), 557. https://doi.org/10.2307/2016365 Berkowitz, M. W., & Bier, M. C. (2004). Research Based Character Education. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591(January), 72–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716203260082 Botvin, G. J., Epstein, J. A., Baker, E., Diaz, T., & Ifill-Williams, M. (2013). School-based drug abuse prevention with inner-city minority youth. The Etiology and Prevention of Drug Abuse Among Minority Youth, 6(I), 5–19. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315827735-6 Carr, D. (2012). Educating the Virtues: Essay on the philosophical psychology of moral development and education. London: Routledge. Cobb, J. (2007). What’ll I do with the baby-o? Nursery rhymes, songs, and stories for babies. Vancouver: BC: Blacksheep Press. Damon, W. (1988). The moral child: Nurturing children’s natural moral growth. New York: Free press. Derlicki, J. (2005). Ethno-pedagogy - the curse or the cure? The role of the school among youth in Nelemnoe (Yakutia). Sibirica, 4(1), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/13617360500070731 Dick, W., & Carey, L. (2009). The Systematic Design of Instruction. New Jersey: Pearson Education. Ecclestone, K. (2012). From emotional and psychological well-being to character education: Challenging policy discourses of behavioural science and “vulnerability.” Research Papers in Education, 27(4), 463–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2012.690241 Fleer, M., & Hedegaard, M. (2010). Children’s development as participation in everyday practices across different institutions. Mind, Culture, and Activity, 17(2), 149–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/10749030903222760 Goodman, J. F. (2019). Searching for character and the role of schools. Ethics and Education, 14(1), 15–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449642.2018.1537989 Greenberg, M. T., Kusche, C. A., Cook, E. T., & Quamma, J. P. (1995). Promoting emotional competence in school-aged children: The effects of the PATHS curriculum. Development and Psychopathology, 7(1), 117–136. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400006374 Hanna, W. (2014). A Reggio-Inspired Music Atelier: Opening the Door Between Visual Arts and Music. Early Childhood Education Journal, 42(4), 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-013-0610-9 Harahap, N., Kahar, I. A., & Nasution, L. H. (2018). Preservation of lullabies songs in forming character based on local wisdom. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Culture, 5(1), 32–42. https://doi.org/10.21744/ijllc.v5n1.479 Hariswari, K. P., & Iswidayanti, S. (2019). Catharsis : Journal of Arts Education Gending Rare : Its Potential As A Character Education Media Based on Local Authority in Denpasar City. 8(3), 352–362. Hariyadi, S., Tamalene, M. N., & Hariyono, A. (2019). Ethnopedagogy of the osing tribe folk song: exploration and formation of biology learning character. Biosfer, 12(2), 258–276. https://doi.org/10.21009/biosferjpb.v12n2.258-276 Hendrix, R. E., Palmer, K. Z., Tashis, N., & Winner, M. G. (2013). The incredible flexible you: A social thinking curriculum for the preschool and the early elementary years. San Jose: CA: Think Social. Herliyana, & Rosmiati. (2018). Developing the Nationalism Character of Young Learners by Using Songs and Traditional Dances of Indonesia. Proceedings of the International Conference on the Roles of Parents in Shaping Children’s Characters (ICECED), 287–292. Hidayati, I., Handini, M. C., & Karnadi. (2018). Character education on Dendang saluang ( Traditional song Minangkabau ) in Nagari Saribu Rumah. International Journal of Advanced Education and Research, 3(3), 01–05. Ilari, B. (2018). Scaramouche Goes to Preschool: The Complex Matrix of Young Children’s Everyday Music. Early Childhood Education Journal, 46(1), 0. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-017-0842-1 Jeynes, W. H. (2019). A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship Between Character Education and Student Achievement and Behavioral Outcomes. Education and Urban Society, 51(1), 33–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124517747681 Kotsonis, A. (2020). What can we learn from Plato about intellectual character education? Educational Philosophy and Theory, 52(3), 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2019.1631157 Kurniawati, Y., Pranoto, S., & Hong, J. J. (2014). Developing Early Childhood’s Character Through Javanesenese Traditional Game. Indonesian Journal of Early Childhood Education Studies, 3(1), 68–72. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijeces.v3i1.9477 Lee, A. (2016). Implementing character education program through music and integrated activities in early childhood settings in Taiwan. International Journal of Music Education, 34(3), 340–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/0255761414563195 Lee, G. L. (2013). Re-emphasizing Character Education in Early Childhood Programs: Korean Children’s Experiences. Childhood Education, 89(5), 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/00094056.2013.830907 Lickona, T., Schaps, E., & Lewis, C. (2007). CEP ’ s of Effective Character Education Effective Character Education : Character Education Partnership. Mang, E. (2005). The referent of children’s early songs. Music Education Research, 7(1), 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14613800500041796 Mans, M. (2002). Playing The Music- Comparing Perfomance of Children’s Song and dance in Traditional and Contemporary Namibian Education. In The Arts in Children’s Live (pp. 71–86). Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Marshall, P. J., Bouquet, C. A., Thomas, A. L., & Shipley, T. F. (2010). Motor contagion in young children: Exploring social influences on perception-action coupling. Neural Networks, 23(8–9), 1017–1025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2010.07.007 MENTERI PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL. STANDAR PENDIDIKAN ANAK USIA DINI. , PERATURAN MENTERI PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR § (2009). Mullen, G. (2017). 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Hasan, Rudi. "PENYELENGGARAAN PROGRAM SD-SMP SATU ATAP PADA DAERAH TERPENCIL DALAM LATAR BUDAYA RUMAH BETANG KALIMANTAN TENGAH." Equity In Education Journal 1, no.1 (October20, 2019): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37304/eej.v1i1.1547.

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Abstract: The purpose of this study is to describe the implementation of the One-Roof Junior Secondary School as an alternative to the distribution of nine-year basic education in remote areas in the cultural setting of Central Kalimantan Betang Houses. This research is a qualitative research with a multi-site study design on 3 One-Roof Junior Secondary Schools in Gunung Mas Regency. Data collection is done by methods: in-depth interviews (indepth interview), participant observation (participant observation), and study documentation (study of document). Determination of data sources is done by using purposive sampling technique. Data analysis is done through the activities of organizing data, organizing and dividing data into units that can be managed, mensiteis, looking for patterns, find what is meaningful and what is researched to be decided and reported systematically (Bogdan and Biklen, 1998). Data analysis in this research was carried out in two stages, namely: data analysis for each site (single site) and cross-site data analysis. Checking the validity of the data is done by using a degree of credibility through both source and method triangulation techniques. The results of the study found that the values of the betang house culture that underlies the implementation of the One-Roof Junior Secondary School appeared on: (1) bureaucratic structure, including: SOP, coordination and empowerment of HR; (2) resources, including: human resources, infrastructure and financing; and (3) communication, including: internal communication, with supporting elementary schools, with related agencies, and the community around the school. Keywords: One-Roof Junior Secondary School, Remote Area, Betang House Culture Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan penyelenggaraan program SD-SMP Satu Atap sebagai alternatif pemerataan pendidikan dasar sembilan tahun pada daerah terpencil dalam latar budaya rumah betang Kalimantan Tengah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan rancangan studi multi situs pada 3 SMPN Satu Atap di wilayah Kabupaten Gunung Mas. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode: wawancara mendalam (indepth interview), observasi partisipan (participant observation), dan studi dokumentasi (study of document). Penetapan sumber data dilakukan dengan teknik purposive sampling. Analisis data dilakukan melalui kegiatan mengorganisasi data, menata dan membagi data dalam unit-unit yang dapat dikelola, mensitesis, mencari pola, menemukan apa yang bermakna dan apa yang diteliti untuk diputuskan dan dilaporkan dengan sistematis (Bogdan dan Biklen, 1998). Analisis data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dalam dua tahap, yaitu: analisis data tiap situs (situs tunggal) dan analisis data lintas situs. Pengecekan keabsahan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan derajat kepercayaan (credibility) melalui teknik triangulasi baik sumber maupun metode. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa nilai-nilai budaya rumah betang yang mendasari dalam penyelenggaraan SD-SMP Satu Atap muncul pada: (1) struktur birokrasi, meliputi: SOP, koordinasi dan pemberdayaan SDM; (2) sumberdaya, meliputi: SDM, sarana prasarana dan pembiayaan; dan (3) komunikasi, meliputi: komunikasi intern, dengan SD penyangga, dengan dinas terkait, dan masyarakat sekitar sekolah. Kata Kunci: SD-SMP Satu Atap, Daerah Terpencil, Budaya Rumah Betang References: Arikunto, S. (1998). Prosedur Penelitian: SuatuPendekatan Praktek. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., & Razavieh, A.(2002). Introduction to Research in Education. Sixth Ed. Belmont, CA: Wadswort. Thomson Learning. Bogdan, R. C.,& Biklen, S.K.(1998). Qualitative Research For Educatio: An Introduction to Theory and Methods.Third Ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Bollen, R. (1997). Making Good Schools: Linking School Effectiveness and School Improvement. London and New York: Routledge. Brienkerhoof, D. W.,& Crosby, L.B. (2002). Managing Policy Reform: Concept and Tool for Decision-Makers in Developing and Transitionong Countries. United States of America: Kumarian Perss, Inc. Castetter, W.B. (1996). The Human Resources Function in Educational Administration (Sixth Edition). New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. Dunn, W. N. (1981). Public Policy Analysis: An Introduction. Englewood: Cliff, N.J. Prentice, Inc. Dwijowijoto, R. N. (2004). Komunikasi Pemerintahan. Jakarta: Elek Media Komputindo Kelompok Gramedia. Edward, G. (1980). Implementing Public Policy. Washington, DC. Congressional Quarterly, Inc. Glickman, C. D., Gordon, S. P., & Ross-Gordon, J. M. (2009). The Basic to Supervision and Instructional Leadership. Secon Ed, Boston: Pearson. Koehler. (1981). Organizational Communication, Behavioral Perspective. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Kratzer. (1996). Marketing the Nation. New York: Free Press. Kusni. J. J. (2006). Pergulatan Identitas Dayak Dan Indonesia: Belajar dari Tjilik RiwutPalangka Raya: Penerbit Galangpress. Mantja, W. (2002). Manajemen Pendidikan dan Supervisi Pengajaran (Kumpulan Karya Tulis Terpublikasi). Malang: Wineka Media. Mantja, W. (2008). Ethnography, Desain Penelitian Manajemen Pendidikan. Malang: Elang Mas. Nasution, S. (1998). Metode Penelitian Naturalistik Kualitatif Bandung: Transito. Peraturan Pemerintah RI Nomor47 Tahun 2008. Wajib Belajar. Bandung: Penerbit Citra Umbara. Robbins, S., P. (1998). Organizational Behavior. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs. Sonhadji. K. H. A. (1996). Teknik Pengumpulam Data dan Analisis Data dalam Penelitian Kualitatif dalam Arifin. Penelitian Kualitatif. Malang: Kalimasahda Press. Sugiyono. (2006). Metode Penelitian Administrasi. Bandung: Alfabeta. Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia Tahun1945. Bandung: Penerbit Citra Umbara. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional. 2006. Bandung: Pcnerbit Citra Umbara. Usop, K. M.A.(1994). Pakat Dayak: Sejarah Integrasi dan Jati Diri Masyarakat Dayak dan Daerah Kalimantan Tengah. Palangka Raya: Yayasan Dikbud Batang Garing. Winarno, B. (2002). Kebijakan Publik: Teori dan Proses. Yogyakarta: Media Pressindo.

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Truter,M., and F.C.Wehner. "Crown and Root Infection of Lisianthus Caused by Fusarium solani in South Africa." Plant Disease 88, no.5 (May 2004): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.5.573a.

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Cultivation of lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn.) is a minor industry in South Africa, with only a few growers producing the crop commercially. Commercial production at a location in Gauteng Province is hampered by rotting of the crowns and roots of plants that result in mortality of as much as 22% of the plants. At advanced stages of infection, the crowns of affected plants characteristically are covered with masses of fusoid, curved hyalophragmospores. Crowns and roots of symptomatic plants that were submitted by the grower in January 2003 were surface disinfested by immersing for 2 min in a 3% solution of sodium hypochlorite, and segments excised from the plant tissue were plated on potato dextrose agar supplemented with 50 mg l-1 of rifampicin. Fusarium solani (Mart.) Appel & Wollenw. (1), was consistently and exclusively isolated from the segments. Teleomorph Nectria haematococca Berk. & Broome, commonly developed in culture after incubation for 4 to 6 weeks, although no sexual structures were observed on infected plants. A spore suspension containing 104 micro- and macroconidia ml-1 was prepared for each of two single-conidial isolates of F. solani. Using a 0.8-mm-diameter hypodermic needle, 100 μl of each suspension was injected subepi-dermally into the crown of each of three 1-month-old disease-free lisian-thus plantlets (cv. Texas Blue Bell) growing in 500-ml plastic pots filled with sterilized vermiculite. In addition, each suspension was incorporated at 2% (vol/vol) into three pots with sterile vermiculite, and a plantlet was planted in each pot. Control plantlets were treated similarly, but with sterile distilled water. All inoculated plantlets developed crown rot and wilted within 2 weeks while maintained at 28°C in a greenhouse, regardless of mode of inoculation, and F. solani was readily reisolated from their crowns and roots. Control plantlets remained symptomless and did not yield F. solani. Crown and root infection of lisianthus by F. solani has been described (2,3), but to our knowledge, this is the first report of the disease in South Africa. References: (1) P. E. Nelson et al. Fusarium species: An Illustrated Manual for Identification. Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park. 1983. (2) J. J. Taubenhaus and W. N. Ezekiel. Phytopathology 24:19, 1934. (3) S. Wolcan et al. Plant Dis. 85:443, 2001.

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Goldie, Mark. "Calendar of the Correspondence of Richard Baxter, I: 1638–1660, II: 1660–1696. By N. H. Keeble and Geoffrey F. Nuttall. Pp. xl + 433 incl. frontispiece, 387 incl. frontispiece.Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991. £ 55 (vol. I), £50 (vol. II). 0 19 818568 5; 0 19 818583 9 - ‘Loving & Free Converse’. Richard Baxter in his letters. By N. H. Keeble. (Friends of Dr Williams's Library, 45th Lecture 1991.) Pp 24. London: Dr Williams&s Trust, 1991. £2. 0305 3962." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 44, no.1 (January 1993): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046900010411.

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Bonatti, Gisele Alves, and María José Corchete Martín. "Reflexões Sobre o Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Indústria da Moda." REVISTA INTERNACIONAL CONSINTER DE DIREITO 04, no.04 (June30, 2017): 443–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.19135/revista.consinter.00004.17.

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Lei Ordinária 16.222. São Paulo, 25.06.2015. Disponível em: <https://leismunicipais.com.br/a/sp/s/sao-paulo/lei-ordinaria/2015/1623/16222/lei-ordinaria-n-16222-2015-proibe-a-producao-e-a-comercializacao-de-foie-gras-e-artigos-de-vestuario-feitos-com-pele-animal-no-ambito-da-cidade-de-sao-paulo-e-da-outras-providencias>. Acesso em: 08 set. 2015. BRASIL. Projeto de Lei 684/2011. Deputado Weliton Prado (PT-MG). Disponível em: <http://www.camara.gov.br/proposicoesWeb/fichadetramitacao?idProposicao=494401>. Acesso em: 15 mar. 2017. BRUNDTLAND, Gro Harlem. Our Common Future: from one earth to one world. Nova York: Oxford University Press, 1987. CARVALHAL, André. Moda com propósito: manifesto pela grande virada. São Paulo: Schwarcz, 2016. CHAU, Lisa. The Wastful Culture of Forever 21, H&M, and “fast fashion”. USNEWS, 21.09.2012. Disponível em: <https://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/economic-intelligence/2012/09/21/the-wasteful-culture-of-forever-21-hm-and-fast-fashion>. Acesso em: 03 mar. 2017. COMISSÃO EUROPEIA. Regulamento 2016/26. 13.01.2016. Disponível em: <http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32016R0026>. Acesso em: 15 mar. 2017. CONFINO, Jo. We buy a staggering amount of clothing, and mosto f it ends up in landfills. The Huffpost Post, Brasil, 07.09.2016. Disponível em: <http://www.huffpostbrasil.com/entry/transforming-the-fashion-industry_us_57ceee96e4b0a48094a58d39>. Acesso em: 20 mar. 2017. DAERO, Guilherme. Comercial chocante mostra o outro lado do couro. Exame.com, Brasil, 16.05.2016. Disponível em: <http://exame.abril.com.br/marketing/comercial-chocante-mostra-o-outro-lado-do-couro/>. Acesso em: 18 mar. 2017. FASHIONUNITED. Global fashion industry statistics– International Apparel. Disponível em: <https://fashionunited.com/global-fashion-industry-statistics>. Acesso em: 20 fev. 2017. GREENPEACE INTERNATIONAL. A little story about a fashionable lie. Greenpeace International, Amsterdam, fevereiro 2014. Disponível em: <http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/publications/toxics/2014/A-Fashionable-Lie.pdf>. Acesso em: 28 mar. 2017. _____. The Detox Catwalk 2016, campaing and criteria explained. Greenpeace International, 16.07.2016. Disponível em: <https://secured-static.greenpeace.org//international/Global/international/code/2016/Catwalk2016/pdf/Detox_Catwalk_Explained_2016.pdf>. Acesso em: 18 mar. 2017. _____. The Detox Catwalk 2016. Who’s on the path to toxic-free fashion. Disponível em: <http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/detox/fashion/detox-catwalk/>. Acesso em: 18 mar. 2017. GUERRA, Sidney. Direito Internacional ambiental. Rio de Janeiro: Freitas Bastos Editora, 2006. INTERNATIONAL ANTI-FUR COALITION. Victories on the Road to a Fur-Free World. Disponível em: <http://www.antifurcoalition.org/fur-free-victories.html>. Acesso em: 08 set. 2015. LEITE, José R. Sociedade de risco e Estado. In: CANOTILHO, José J. Gomes; LEITE, José R. Direito Constitucional Ambiental Brasileiro. 3. ed. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2010. LOVELOCK, James. A vingança de Gaia. Rio de Janeiro: Intrínseca, 2006. MARCONDES FILHO, Ciro. Para entender a comunicação. São Paulo: Paulus, 2008. OATEN, Mark. New production figures reveal another Strong year global fur trade. Wearfur, Londres, 17.06.2016. Disponível em: <https://www.wearefur.com/new-production-figures-reveal-another-strong-year-global-fur-trade/>. Acesso em: 07 mar. 2017. TOLEDO, Gabriela. Extração de peles. PEA (Projeto Esperança Animal), Brasil. Disponível em <http://www.pea.org.br/Crueldade/peles/index.htm>Acesso 16 de março de 2017. RIVERO, Sérgio et al. Pecuária e desmatamento: uma análise das principais causas diretas do desmatamento na Amazônia. Nova econ, Belo Horizonte, v. 19, n. 1, p. 41-66, abr. 2009. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-63512009000100003&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Acesso em: 15 mar. 2017. SAMPAIO, Rômulo Silveira da Rocha. Direito Ambiental: doutrina e casos práticos. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier / FGV, 2011. SANTIAGO, Rejane Saraiva de. Gestão ambiental na indústria têxtil: estudo de casos do Ceará. 2011. 110 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia de Produção) – Universidade Federal da Paraí­ba, João Pessoa. SANTOS, Patrícia Menezes et al. Mudanças Climáticas Globais e a Pecuária: Cenários Futuros para o semiárido Brasileiro. Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física, v. 4, n. 06, p. 1.176-1.196, 2011. Disponível em: <http://www.revista.ufpe.br/rbgfe/index.php/revista/article/view/268/236>. Acesso em: 15 mar. 2017. SANTOS, Simone. Impacto Ambiental causado pela indústria têxtil. In: Biblioteca da Associação Brasileira de Engenharia de Produção. UFSC – Engenharia de Produção e Sistemas, Florianópolis (SC), 1997. Disponível em: <http://www.abepro.org.br/biblioteca/ENEGEP1997_T6410.PDF>. SILVA, Claudio Eduardo Azevedo; SOUZA Sérgio A Coelho; MIRANDA, Marcio. Solução biode(sa)gradável. In: Ciência hoje. v. 43, n. 254, p. 18-23, nov. 2008. UNEP (United Nations Environment Rights). Climate Change and Human Rights. Nairobi: UNON Publishing Service Section, december 2015. Disponível em: <http://web. unep.org/newscentre/new-un-report-details-link-between-climate-change-and-human-rights>. Acesso em: 07 mar. 2017. WELLE, Deutsche. Agropecuária é responsável por 90% do desmatamento ilegal no Brasil. Carta Capital, Brasil, 16.03.2014. Disponível em: <https://www.cartacapital.com.br/sustentabilidade/agropecuaria-e-responsavel-por-90-do-desmatamento-ilegal-no-brasil-7771.html>. Acesso em: 31 mar. 2017.

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Ma, Yuxiang, Guohai Dong, and Xiaozhou Ma. "SEPARATION OF LOW-FREQUENCY WAVES BY AN ANALYTICAL METHOD." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no.32 (January31, 2011): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.waves.64.

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A new method for separating low-frequency waves in time domain is proposed by constructing the analytical signals of the measured waves. Using three simultaneous wave records, the time series of incident bound, free and reflected low-frequency waves can be obtained by the present method. This method is only suitable for separating monochromatic low-frequency waves. The applicability of the method is examined by numerical tests. The results show that the present method can give accurate results over sloping beaches when water depth (kh) is larger than 0.2. Then, the present method is used to study an experiment of low-frequency waves over a mild slope beach. References Bakkenes, H.J. 2002. Observation and separation of bound and free low-frequency waves in the nearshore zone, in Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences. Delft University of Technology: Delft. Baldock, T.E., D.A., Huntley, P.A.D., Bird, T.O., Hare, and G.N., Bullock. 2000. Breakpoint generated surf beat induced by bichromatic wave groups. Coastal Engineering. 30 (2-4): 213-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3839(99)00061-7 Battjes, J.A., Bakkenes, H.J., Janssen, T.T., van Dongeren, A.R. 2004. Shoaling of subharmonic gravity waves. J. Geophys. Res., 109(C2): C02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JC001863 Bowers, E.C. 1977. Harbour resonance due to set-down beneath wave groups. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 79: 71-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022112077000044 Cohen, L. 1995. Time Frequency Analysis: Theory and Applications. Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Dong, G.H., X.Z., Ma, M., Perlin, Y.X., Ma, B., Yu, and G., Wang. 2009. Experimental Study of long wave generation on sloping bottoms. Coastal Engineering, 56(1), 82-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2008.10.002 Kamphuis, J.W. 2000. Designing for low frequency waves. Proceedings of 27th International Conference on Coastal Engineering. Sydney, Australian. 1434-1447. Kostense, J.K. 1984. Measurements of surf beat and set-down beneath wave groups. Proceedings of 19th International Conference on Coastal Engineering. Houston, USA. 724-740. Longuet-Higgins, M.S. and R.W., Stewart. 1962. Radiation stress and mass transport in gravity waves with application to 'surfbeat'. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 13: 481-504 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022112062000877 Mallat, S. 1999. A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing. Academic Press. PMCid:407895 Nagai, T., N., Hashimoto, T., Asai, et al. 1994. Relationship of a moored vessel in a harbor and a long wave caused by wave groups. Proceedings of 17th International Conference on Coastal Engineering. Kobe, Japan. 847-861. Schäffer, H.A. 1993. Second-orderwavemaker theory for irregularwaves.Ocean Engineering. 23 (1), 47–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0029-8018(95)00013-B Symonds, G.D.A., D.A., Huntley, and A.J., Bowen. 1982. Two-dimensional surf beat-long-wave generation by a time-varying breakpoint. Journal of Geophysical Research. 87(C1): 492-498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JC087iC01p00492 Yu, J. and C.C., Mei. 2000. Formation of sand bars under surface waves. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 416: 315-348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022112000001063

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Suwahono, Suwahono, and Dwi Mawanti. "Using Environmentally Friendly Media (Happy Body) in Early Childhood Science: Human Body Parts Lesson." JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini 13, no.2 (December5, 2019): 281–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jpud.132.06.

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The knowledge of the science of human body parts for early childhood is very important so that children have the ability to recognize and support the cleanliness and health of members of the body, as well as so that they recognize their identity. In addition, introducing environmentally friendly material for early childhood teachers to enrich learning media. This study aims to improve student learning outcomes in science using environmentally friendly media. The topic raised in this search was about recognizing body parts and their benefits and treatments. This type of research is action research. Respondents involved 19 early childhood students. The results showed that there was an increase in subjects' understanding of swallowing extremities and treatment 60% in the pre-cycle phase, 80% in the first cycle and 93% in the second cycle. The findings show that the use of happy body media has a positive effect on limb recognition. Further research is recommended on environmentally friendly media and ways of introducing limbs to early childhood through media or strategies suitable for the millennial era. Keywords: Media (Happy Body), Early Childhood Science, Human Body Parts References: Anagnou, E., & Fragoulis, I. (2014). The contribution of mentoring and action research to teachers’ professional development in the context of informal learning. Review of European Studies, 6(1), 133–142. Belsky, J., Steinberg, L., & Draper, P. (1991). Childhood experience, interpersonal development, and reproductive strategy: An evolutionary theory of socialization. Child Development, 62(4), 647. Black, M. M., & Hurley, K. M. (2016). Early child development programmes: further evidence for action. The Lancet Global Health, 4(8), e505–e506. Blok, H., Fukkink, R., Gebhardt, E., & Leseman, P. (2005). The relevance of delivery mode and other programme characteristics for the effectiveness of early childhood intervention. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29(1), 35–47. Borg, F., Winberg, M., & Vinterek, M. (2017). Children’s Learning for a Sustainable Society: Influences from Home and Preschool. Education Inquiry, 8(2), 151–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/20004508.2017.1290915 Borg, F., Winberg, T. M., & Vinterek, M. (2019). Preschool children’s knowledge about the environmental impact of various modes of transport. Early Child Development and Care, 189(3), 376–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2017.1324433 Buchsbaum, D., Bridgers, S., Weisberg, D. S., &, & Gopnik, A. (2012). The power of possibility: Causal learning, counterfactual reasoning, and pretend play. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Biological Sciences, 367(1599), 2202–2212. Burdette, H. L., & Whitaker, R. C. (2005). Resurrecting free play in young children: looking beyond fitness and fatness to attention, affiliation, and affect. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 159(1), 46–50. Bustamante, A. S., White, L. J., & Greenfield, D. B. (2018). Approaches to learning and science education in Head Start: Examining bidirectionality. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 44, 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.02.013 Carr, W. (2006). Philosophy, methodology and action research. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 40(4), 421–435. Colker, L. J. (2008). Twelve characteristics of effective early childhood teachers. YC Young Children, 63(2). Cook, C., Goodman, N. D., & Schulz, L. E. (2011). Where science starts: Spontaneous experiments in preschoolers’ exploratory play. Cognition, 120(3), 341– 349. Dewi Kurnia, H. Z. (2017). Pentingnya Media Pembelajaran. Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 1 No.1, 81–96. Gelman, R., & Brenneman, K. (2004). Science learning pathways for young children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 19(1), 150–158. Gersick, C. J. (1988). Time and transition in work teams: Toward a new model of group development. Academy of Management Journal, 31(1), 9–41. Gopnik, A., Meltzoff, A. N., & Kuhl, P. K. (1999). The scientist in the crib: Mind, brains, and how children learn. New York, NY: William Morrow & Company. Guo, Y., Wang, S., Hall, A. H., Breit-Smith, A., & Busch, J. (2016). The Effects of Science Instruction on Young Children’s Vocabulary Learning: A Research Synthesis. Early Childhood Education Journal, 44(4), 359–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-015-0721-6 Hadders-Algra, M. (2019). Interactive media use and early childhood development. Jornal de Pediatria, (xx), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2019.05.001 Han, S., Capraro, R., & Capraro, M. M. (2015). How Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (Stem) Project-Based Learning (Pbl) Affects High, Middle, and Low Achievers Differently: the Impact of Student Factors on Achievement. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 13(5), 1089–1113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-014-9526-0 Harris, P. L., & Kavanaugh, R. D. (1993). Young children’s understanding of pretense. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 58(1), 1–92. Hayati, H. S., Myrnawati, C. H., & Asmawi, M. (2017). Effect of Traditional Games, Learning Motivation And Learning Style On Childhoods Gross Motor Skills. International Journal of Education and Research, 5(7). Hedefalk, M., Almqvist, J., & Östman, L. (2015). Education for sustainable development in early childhood education: a review of the research literature. Environmental Education Research, 21(7), 975–990. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2014.971716 Herakleioti, E., & Pantidos, P. (2016). The Contribution of the Human Body in Young Children’s Explanations About Shadow Formation. Research in Science Education, 46(1), 21–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-014-9458-2 İlin, G., Kutlu, Ö., & Kutluay, A. (2013). An Action Research: Using Videos for Teaching Grammar in an ESP Class. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.01.065 Jennifer M. Zosh, Emily J. Hopkins, Hanne Jensen, Claire Liu, Dave Neale, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek, S. L. S. and D. W. (2017). Learning through play : a review of the evidence. Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Snidman, N. (1987). The physiology and psychology of behavioral inhibition in children. Child Development, 1459–1473. Kemmis, S., & Taggart, M. (2002). The action research planner. Victoria: Dearcin University Press. Lebel, C., & Beaulieu, C. (2011). Longitudinal development of human brain wiring continues from childhood into adulthood. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(30), 10937–10947. Luna, B., Garver, K. E., Urban, T. A., Lazar, N. A., & Sweeney, J. A. (2004). Maturation of cognitive processes from late childhood to adulthood. Child Development, 75(5), 1357–1372. Nayfeld, I., Brenneman, K., & Gelman, R. (2011). Science in the classroom: Finding a balance between autonomous exploration and teacher-led instruction in preschool settings. Early Education & Development, 22(6), 970–988. Nitecki, E., & Chung, M.-H. (2016). Play as Place: A Safe Space for Young Children to Learn about the World. Nternational Journal of Early Childhood Environmental Education, 4(1), 26–32. Olgan, R. (2015). Influences on Turkish early childhood teachers’ science teaching practices and the science content covered in the early years. Early Child Development and Care, 185(6), 926-942. Ramani, G. B. (2012). Influence of a Playful, Child-Directed Context on Preschool Children’s Peer Cooperation. New York: Merrill-Palmer Quarterly. Ravanis, K. (2017). Early childhood science education: State of the art and perspectives. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 16(3), 284–288. Russo-Johnson C, Troseth G, Duncan C, M. A. (2017). All tapped out: touchscreen interactivity and young children’s word learning. Front Psychology, 8. Schulz, L. E., & Bonawitz, E. B. (2007). Serious fun: Preschoolers engage in more exploratory play when evidence is confounde. Developmental Psycholog, 43(4), 1045–1050. Serpell, R., & Marfo, K. (2014). Some growth points in African child development research. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 146, 97–112. Vouloumanos, A., & Werker, J. F. (2007). Listening to language at birth: evidence for a bias for speech in neonates. Developmental Science, 10(2), 59–64. Weisberg, D. S., & Gopnik, A. (2013). Pretense, counterfactuals, and Bayesian causal models: Why what is not real really matters. Cognitive Science, 37(7), 1368–1381. Winthrop, R., & Mcgivney, E. (2016). Skills for a Changing World: Advancing Quality Learning for Vibrant Societies.Brookings: Center for Universal Education. Zaman, B., & Eliyawati, C. (2010). Media Pembelajaran Anak Usia Dini. Bandung: Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.

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Tsaur, Grigory, Anna Ivanova, Alexander Popov, Yulia Yakovleva, Tatyana Riger, Olga Plekhanova, Yulia Ivanets, et al. "Evaluation of BCR-ABL/ABL Ratio Increase That Corresponds to BCR-ABL Mutation In Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients Treated by Imatinib." Blood 116, no.21 (November19, 2010): 3422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.3422.3422.

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Abstract Abstract 3422 Introduction. Currently there is no consensus in definition what level of BCR-ABL/ABL ratio increase predicts presence of kinase domain (KD) mutations. Several research groups use relatively low cut-off levels equal to 2.0- and 2.6-fold (S. Branford et al, Blood, 2004, R. Press et al Blood, 2009, respectively), that are close to the discrimination ability of real–time quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR) method. Alternatively, an NCCN guideline recommends beginning of mutation screening in case of 10-fold or greater elevation of BCR-ABL/ABL ratio. Aim. To define a threshold level of BCR-ABL/ABL increase that predicts presence of BCR-ABL mutations. Methods. Among 531 CML patients on imatinib (IM), both newly diagnosed and pre-treated with interferon-α, in 47 ones BCR-ABL mutation detection was performed. These were patients with suboptimal response or treatment failure according to the European LeukemiaNet criteria (M. Baccarani et al, 2009). Conventional cytogenetic analysis was performed every 6 months. Quantitative measurement of BCR-ABL/ABL transcripts ratio by RQ-PCR was done every 3–6 months. A major molecular response was defined as BCR-ABL/ABL transcripts level of 0.059% corresponded to 3 log reduction from the laboratory defined baseline level. Point mutations in the BCR-ABL KD were detected by reverse-transcriptase PCR and direct sequencing. Elevation of BCR-ABL/ABL was calculated by dividing of BCR-ABL/ABL value at the time point (TP) where mutation detection was performed to the BCR-ABL/ABL value at TP prior to mutation screening. Event-free survival (EFS) was defined as the time from IM beginning until any of the following events occurred: loss of complete hematological response, loss of major cytogenetic response, progression to AP/BC, death of any reason. Threshold level was defined by receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curve analysis. Positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV), sensitivity, specificity and overall correct prediction (OCP) were calculated. Results. 10 different point mutations of BCR-ABL gene were detected, including 3 ones in P-loop, 2 in IM-binding site, 3 in A-loop, and 2 mutations outside the KD. None of patients had 2 or more mutations simultaneously. Patients were divided into two groups: with (n=18) and without (n=29) BCR-ABL mutations. Groups did not differ in age, sex distribution, type of BCR-ABL transcript, frequency of cumulative achievement of CHR, CCyR, MMR and level of BCR-ABL/ABL increase (table 1). Median time between BCR-ABL/ABL measurement was similar in both groups: 6 months (range 1–12 months) (p=0.227). ROC curve analysis determined that increasing of BCR-ABL/ABL level in 5.5-fold corresponds to 92.9% of NPV. Area under curve was 68% (95% CI 50–95%) (p=0.022). Sensitivity, PPV and OCP were relatively low (40.6%, 40.6%, 56.5%, respectively) while specificity was high (92.9%). Conclusions. In our series 5.5-fold increase of BCR-ABL/ABL clearly predicts presence of BCR-ABL mutations and indicates the exact time for mutation detection performing in patients with suboptimal response and treatment failure. Nowadays, with availability of primary reference material for BCR-ABL quantification, approved by WHO (H. White at al, Hematologica, 2010) and successful harmonization of molecular monitoring of CML therapy (M. Mueller et al, Leukemia 2009) elevation level that corresponds with mutation presence could also be standardized. Application of international standardized threshold level would help to avoid unnecessary or late mutation tests. Disclosures: Ivanets: Novartis Pharma: Employment.

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Agrafonov,YuryV., and IvanS.Petrushin. "Random First Order Transition from a Supercooled Liquid to an Ideal Glass (Review)." Kondensirovannye sredy i mezhfaznye granitsy = Condensed Matter and Interphases 22, no.3 (September18, 2020): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.17308/kcmf.2020.22/2959.

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The random first order transition theory (RFOT) describing the transition from a supercooled liquid to an ideal glass has been actively developed over the last twenty years. This theory is formulated in a way that allows a description of the transition from the initial equilibrium state to the final metastable state without considering any kinetic processes. The RFOT and its applications for real molecular systems (multicomponent liquids with various intermolecular potentials, gel systems, etc.) are widely represented in English-language sources. However, these studies are practically not described in any Russian sources. This paper presents an overview of the studies carried out in this field. REFERENCES 1. Sanditov D. S., Ojovan M. I. Relaxation aspectsof the liquid—glass transition. Uspekhi FizicheskihNauk. 2019;189(2): 113–133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3367/ufnr.2018.04.0383192. Tsydypov Sh. B., Parfenov A. N., Sanditov D. S.,Agrafonov Yu. V., Nesterov A. S. 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Bhandari, Sudhir, Ajit Singh Shaktawat, Bhoopendra Patel, Amitabh Dube, Shivankan Kakkar, Amit Tak, Jitendra Gupta, and Govind Rankawat. "The sequel to COVID-19: the antithesis to life." Journal of Ideas in Health 3, Special1 (October1, 2020): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47108/jidhealth.vol3.issspecial1.69.

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Abstract:

The pandemic of COVID-19 has afflicted every individual and has initiated a cascade of directly or indirectly involved events in precipitating mental health issues. The human species is a wanderer and hunter-gatherer by nature, and physical social distancing and nationwide lockdown have confined an individual to physical isolation. The present review article was conceived to address psychosocial and other issues and their aetiology related to the current pandemic of COVID-19. The elderly age group has most suffered the wrath of SARS-CoV-2, and social isolation as a preventive measure may further induce mental health issues. Animal model studies have demonstrated an inappropriate interacting endogenous neurotransmitter milieu of dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and opioids, induced by social isolation that could probably lead to observable phenomena of deviant psychosocial behavior. Conflicting and manipulated information related to COVID-19 on social media has also been recognized as a global threat. Psychological stress during the current pandemic in frontline health care workers, migrant workers, children, and adolescents is also a serious concern. Mental health issues in the current situation could also be induced by being quarantined, uncertainty in business, jobs, economy, hampered academic activities, increased screen time on social media, and domestic violence incidences. The gravity of mental health issues associated with the pandemic of COVID-19 should be identified at the earliest. Mental health organization dedicated to current and future pandemics should be established along with Government policies addressing psychological issues to prevent and treat mental health issues need to be developed. References World Health Organization (WHO) Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. 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System effectiveness of detection, brief intervention and refer to treatment for the people with post-traumatic emotional distress by MERS: a case report of community-based proactive intervention in South Korea. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2016; 10: 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-016-0083-5. Reynolds DL, Garay JR, Deamond SL, Moran MK, Gold W, Styra R. Understanding, compliance and psychological impact of the SARS quarantine experience. Epidemiol Infect. 2008; 136: 997-1007. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0950268807009156. Marjanovic Z, Greenglass ER, Coffey S. The relevance of psychosocial variables and working conditions in predicting nurses' coping strategies during the SARS crisis: an online questionnaire survey. Int J Nurs Stud. 2007; 44(6): 991-998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.02.012. Bai Y, Lin C-C, Lin C-Y, Chen J-Y, Chue C-M, Chou P. Survey of stress reactions among health care workers involved with the SARS outbreak. 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Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20:689-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30198-5. Dalton L, Rapa E, Stein A. Protecting the psychological health of through effective communication about COVID-19. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(5):346-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30097-3. Centre for Disease Control. Helping Children Cope with Emergencies. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/childrenindisasters/helping-children-cope.html [Accessed on 25 August 2020]. Liu JJ, Bao Y, Huang X, Shi J, Lu L. Mental health considerations for children quarantined because of COVID-19. Lancet Child & Adolesc Health. 2020; 4(5):347-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30096-1. Sprang G, Silman M. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Parents and Youth After Health-Related Disasters. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2013;7(1):105-110. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2013.22. Rehman U, Shahnawaz MG, Khan NH, Kharshiing KD, Khursheed M, Gupta K, et al. Depression, Anxiety and Stress Among Indians in Times of Covid-19 Lockdown. Community Ment Health J. 2020:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-020-00664-x. Cao W, Fang Z, Hou, Han M, Xu X, Dong J, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research. 2020; 287:112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934. Wang C, Zhao H. The Impact of COVID-19 on Anxiety in Chinese University Students. Front Psychol. 2020; 11:1168. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2020.01168. Kang L, Li Y, Hu S, Chen M, Yang C, Yang BX, et al. The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. Lancet Psychiatry 2020;7(3): e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30047-x. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3(3): e203976. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976. Lancee WJ, Maunder RG, Goldbloom DS, Coauthors for the Impact of SARS Study. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among Toronto hospital workers one to two years after the SARS outbreak. Psychiatr Serv. 2008;59(1):91-95. https://dx.doi.org/10.1176%2Fps.2008.59.1.91. Tam CWC, Pang EPF, Lam LCW, Chiu HFK. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Hongkong in 2003: Stress and psychological impact among frontline healthcare workers. Psychol Med. 2004;34 (7):1197-1204. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291704002247. Lee SM, Kang WS, Cho A-R, Kim T, Park JK. Psychological impact of the 2015 MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined hemodialysis patients. Compr Psychiatry. 2018; 87:123-127. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.comppsych.2018.10.003. Koh D, Meng KL, Chia SE, Ko SM, Qian F, Ng V, et al. Risk perception and impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) on work and personal lives of healthcare workers in Singapore: What can we learn? Med Care. 2005;43(7):676-682. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mlr.0000167181.36730.cc. Verma S, Mythily S, Chan YH, Deslypere JP, Teo EK, Chong SA. Post-SARS psychological morbidity and stigma among general practitioners and traditional Chinese medicine practitioners in Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2004; 33(6):743e8. Yeung J, Gupta S. Doctors evicted from their homes in India as fear spreads amid coronavirus lockdown. CNN World. 2020. Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/25/asia/india-coronavirus-doctors-discrimination-intl-hnk/index.html. [Accessed on 24 August 2020] Violence Against Women and Girls: the Shadow Pandemic. UN Women. 2020. May 3, 2020. Available at: https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2020/4/statement-ed-phumzile-violence-against-women-during-pandemic. [Accessed on 24 August 2020]. Gearhart S, Patron MP, Hammond TA, Goldberg DW, Klein A, Horney JA. The impact of natural disasters on domestic violence: an analysis of reports of simple assault in Florida (1999–2007). Violence Gend. 2018;5(2):87–92. https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2017.0077. Sahoo S, Rani S, Parveen S, Pal Singh A, Mehra A, Chakrabarti S, et al. Self-harm and COVID-19 pandemic: An emerging concern – A report of 2 cases from India. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 51:102104. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajp.2020.102104. Ghosh A, Khitiz MT, Pandiyan S, Roub F, Grover S. Multiple suicide attempts in an individual with opioid dependence: Unintended harm of lockdown during the COVID-19 outbreak? Indian J Psychiatry 2020; [In Press]. The Economic Times. 11 Coronavirus suspects flee from a hospital in Maharashtra. March 16 2020. Available at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/11-coronavirus-suspects-flee-from-a-hospital-in-maharashtra/videoshow/74644936.cms?from=mdr. [Accessed on 23 August 2020]. Xiang Y, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Cheung T, et al. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry 2020;(3):228–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8. Van Bortel T, Basnayake A, Wurie F, Jambai M, Koroma A, Muana A, et al. Psychosocial effects of an Ebola outbreak at individual, community and international levels. Bull World Health Organ. 2016;94(3):210–214. https://dx.doi.org/10.2471%2FBLT.15.158543. Kumar A, Nayar KR. COVID 19 and its mental health consequences. Journal of Mental Health. 2020; ahead of print:1-2. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2020.1757052. Gupta R, Grover S, Basu A, Krishnan V, Tripathi A, Subramanyam A, et al. Changes in sleep pattern and sleep quality during COVID-19 lockdown. Indian J Psychiatry. 2020; 62(4):370-8. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_523_20. Duan L, Zhu G. 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Pleyer, Lisa, Sonja Burgstaller, Reinhard Stauder, Michael Girschikofsky, Werner Linkesch, Michael Pfeilstöcker, Eva Maria Autzinger, et al. "Azacitidine in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Comparison of Patients with AML-MRF Vs AML-NOS Enrolled in the Austrian Azacitidine Registry." Blood 124, no.21 (December6, 2014): 3681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.3681.3681.

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Abstract Background Few data exist reporting the incidence of World Health Organization (WHO)-defined acute myeloid leukemia (AML) subgroups in adults in Europe,1 but the incidence of AML with myelodysplastic-related features (MRF) may be higher than initially reported.2–4 Whether the presence of multilineage dysplasia has an independent prognostic impact in AML is still controversial.5,6 However, AML patients with preceding myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)/myeloproliferative neoplasm and/or MDS-related cytogenetics (Medical Research Council [MRC]) have been shown to have poorer survival than AML-not otherwise specified (NOS).7 Previous studies of AML patients treated with azacitidine (AZA) included AML-MRF patients, but did not report on outcomes separately.3,4, 8–12 Methods Due to the lack of data assessing the prognostic impact of AML-MRF in elderly AML patients treated with AZA, we analyzed patients with AML-MRF from the Austrian AZA Registry, which was initiated to gain a comprehensive view of the safety and efficacy of AZA in ‘real-life’ patients. Similar to the approach taken by others who assessed the effect of AML-MRF irrespective of treatment modality,7 patients with AML and recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities (RCA), and treatment-related AML (tAML) based on the WHO 2008 classification13 were excluded, as these subsets have particularly good (AML-RCA) or dismal prognosis (tAML), respectively. Results The AML-MRF group comprised 217 patients (AZA 1st line, n=121; AZA ≥2nd line, n=96) and the AML-NOS group comprised 90 patients (AZA 1st line, n=33; AZA ≥2nd line, n=57). Baseline characteristics were comparable except AML-MRF patients had worse Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Comorbidity Index (HCT-CI) scores and a higher proportion of high-risk cytogenetics (Figure 1). The latter is expected as most high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities are defined as MDS-related.13 Median time from diagnosis to AZA start was <1 month for AZA 1st line and >6 months for AZA ≥2nd line. The median number of AZA cycles was 4 (range 1–35) for AML-MRF patients and 4.5 (range 1–46) for AML-NOS patients. The overall response rate (ORR)14 was similar for AML-MRF vs AML-NOS patients (complete response [CR] + CR with incomplete blood count recovery [CRi] + partial response [PR]: 29.0 vs 33.3%, respectively; p=0.586). Rates of hematologic improvement15 were similar for AML-MRF vs AML-NOS patients (57.9 vs 57.4%; p=0.964). Median duration of response was 7.0 vs 5.5 mo, respectively. ORR was similar for AML-MRF and AML-NOS patients irrespective of AZA treatment line (Figure 1). Median overall survival (OS) for AML-MRF vs AML-NOS patients was 9.4 vs 9.7 mo for the total cohort (p=0.490; Figure 2), and 13.1 vs 10.8 mo for patients treated with AZA 1st line. For responding patients, median OS, response duration and relapse-free survival were numerically longer for AML-MRF than AML-NOS patients within the total cohort (17.1 vs 12.6; 7.0 vs 5.5; and 9.8 vs 8.5 mo), and even more so in the AZA 1st line cohort (19.7 vs 12.6; 7.4 vs 3.9; and 10.5 vs 7.9 mo). In univariate analyses, baseline factors that significantly negatively impacted OS in AML-MRF patients treated with AZA were peripheral blood blasts >0% (p=0.025), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG PS) ≥2 (p=0.004), >3 comorbidities (p=0.004), and poor cytogenetics (p=0.001). Notably, none of these factors showed statistical significance for AML-NOS patients. Conclusions This represents the first and largest report comparing outcomes of AML-MRF vs AML-NOS patients treated with AZA. Outcomes of AML-MRF patients were similar to patients with other AML-NOS subgroups. AZA seems a feasible treatment option for these patients despite the reported poor prognostic impact of MRF. 1. Sant M, et al. Blood 2010;116:3724–34 2. Quintas-Cardama A, et al. Blood 2012;120:4840–5 3. Pleyer L, et al. Ann Hematol 2014 [Epub ahead of print] 4. Thepot S, et al. Am J Hematol 2014;89:410–6 5. Wandt H, et al. Blood 2008;111:1855–61 6. Gahn B, et al. Leukemia 1996;10:946–51 7. Miesner M, et al. Blood 2010;116:2742–51 8. van der Helm L, et al. Leuk Res 2013;37:877–82 9. Gavillet M, et al. Haematologica 2012;97:1929–31 10. Maurillo L, et al. Cancer 2012;118:1014–22 11. Ivanoff S, et al. Am J Hematol 2013;88:601–5 12. Al-Ali HK, et al. Leuk Lymphoma 2011;53:110–7 13. Swerdlow SH, et al. IARC press 2008 14. Cheson BD, et al. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:4642–9 15. Cheson BD, et al. Blood 2006;108:419–25 Figure 1 Figure 1. Figure 2 Figure 2. Disclosures Pleyer: Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Honoraria; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria. Off Label Use: Vidaza (azacitidine) is indicated for the treatment of adult AML patients who are not eligible for haematopoietic stem cell transplantation with 20–30 % blasts and multi-lineage dysplasia, according to WHO classification. This cohort also includes AML-patients with >30% bone marrow blasts. Burgstaller:AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; Mundipharma: Honoraria; Celgene: Consultancy. Stauder:Novartis: Research Funding; Ratiopharm: Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding. Girschikofsky:Pfizer: Honoraria, Research Funding; Mundipharm: Consultancy, Honoraria. Pfeilstöcker:Janssen-Cilag: Honoraria; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria. Lang:Celgene: Consultancy. Sperr:Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Honoraria; Phadia: Research Funding. Valent:Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; BMS: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Greil:Sanofi Aventis: Honoraria; Roche: Honoraria; Pfizer: Honoraria, Research Funding; Boehringer-Ingelheim: Honoraria; Astra-Zeneca: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; Genentech: Honoraria, Research Funding; Janssen-Cilag: Honoraria; Merck: Honoraria; Mundipharma: Honoraria, Research Funding; Eisai: Honoraria; Amgen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding; Cephalon: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Bristol-Myers-Squibb: Consultancy, Honoraria; GSK: Research Funding; Ratiopharm: Research Funding.

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Ferreira, Sebastián Vargas, Eduardo Aguayo Ruíz Díaz, and Leticia González Kunert. "Corruption: Review, social dimension of corruption and legal efforts in Paraguay." Internacional Multidisciplinary Journal of the Brazil 3, no.1 (May8, 2020): 2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.46343/imjbr.v3i1.16.

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The present work is a revision of corruption and the social effects it has on culture, poverty, gender and social organizations, interpreting these instances as integrative for the understanding of corruption as a phenomenon. Furthermore, the present work analyses the legal context of corruption in Paraguay. To address this, a literature review of current and topical research was carry it out, contextualizing the problem from a regional South American perspective and relating it to the efforts of the Paraguayan state with a focus on social corruption as described by various experts on the matter. In terms of the latter, the revision of the legal context of corruption in Paraguay creates an overview of the phenomenon, thus not only identifying the principal institutions, but also exposing their institutional evolution and the changes they represent in reality. Bibliografy Acemoglu, D.y Verdier, T. (2000), “The Choice between Market Failures and Corruption”. The American Economic Review, 194-211. Andvig, J. y Odd-Helge, F. (2000) “Research on Corruption: A Policy Oriented Survey”. Michelson institute y Norweigan Institute of international Affairs. Banco Mundial. (2000). Anticorruption in Transition: A Contribution to the Policy Debate. Washington, D.C: The World Bank. Biderbost, P. (2016). Guía para la Construcción de mapas de riesgos de Corrupción. Asunción: Secretaría Nacional Anticorrupción. Borda, D. & Caballero, M. (2017). Una reforma tributaria para mejorar la equidad y la recaudación. Revista Estudios Paraguayos. 107-132. Brunetti, A. & Weder, B. (1998). Explaining Corruption. University of Saarland and University of Basel. Carpenter, D. y Moss, D. (2014). Introduction. En: Carpenter, D. y Moss, D. (2014). Preventing Regulatory Capture: Special Interest Influence and How to Limit It. Nueva York, Estados Unidos: Cambridge University Press Comité Interinstitucional Técnico de Apoyo a la Implementación de la Convención Interamericana Contra la Corrupción – CITAIC. (2007). Informe de la república del Paraguay sobre las disposiciones seleccionadas para la segunda ronda de evaluación de la Convención Interamericana Contra la Corrupción para la XI Reunión del Comité de Expertos del MESISIC del 25 al 30 de junio de 2007, en Washington, D.C. Disponible en: http://www.oas.org/juridico/spanish/mec_avance_pryXI.pdf Consejo Impulsor del Sistema Nacional de Integridad – CISNI. (2003). Informe de Paraguay de la primera ronda de evaluación. Obtenido de: http://www.pj.gov.py/images/contenido/daii/cisni/unidad2/pdf/convencion.pdf De Quiróz, L. B. (1998). Dialnet. Obtenido de https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5110352.pdf Dimant, E. & Tosato, G. (2018). Causes and effects of corruption: what has past decade’s empirical research taught us? A survey. Journal of Economic Surveys. Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 335–356. Etkin, J. (1993). La Doble Moral de las Organizaciones: Los Sistemas Perversos y la Corrupción Institucionalizada. Madrid, Editorial Mac Graw Hill. Fishman, R. y Gatti, R. (2000) “Decentralization and Corruption: Evidence Across Countries”. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2290. Friedrich, C. J. (1990), “Corruption Concepts in Historical Perspective.” in Political Corruption: A Handbook, Heidenheimer, A.J.; Johnston, M.; and LeVine, V.T. (eds.). New Brunswick. Transaction Publishers. Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. New York, Free Press. Gould, D. y Amaro-Reyes, J. (1983) “The Effect of Corruption in Administrative Gray, C. y Kaufman, D. (1998) "Corruption and Development". Finance and Develpment, N° 35. Habermas, J. (1998). ¿Aprendemos de las Catástrofes? Diagnóstico y Retrospectiva de Nuestro Breve Siglo XX. Revista Nexos y copiado de El Mercurio. Hellman, J. & Kaufmann, D. (2001). La captura del Estado en las economías en transición. Finanzas & Desarrollo, septiembre, pp.31 – 35. Hellman, J. y Kaufmann, D. (2001). La captura del Estado en las economías en transición. Finanzas & Desarrollo, septiembre, pp.31 – 35. Hellman, J. y Schankerman, M. (2000). Intervention, Corruption and Capture: The Nexus between Enterprises and the State. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Working Paper, No. 58. Hodgson, G. y Jiang, X. (2008). La economía de la corrupción y la corrupción de la economía: una perspectiva institucionalista. Revista de Economía Institucional, vol. 10, núm. 18, pp. 55-80. Kaufmann, D. (1997) "Corruption: The Facts". World Bank Policy Working Paper. Latinobarómetro. (2018). Latinobarómetro. Obtenido de http://www.latinobarometro.org/lat.jsp Llorente y Cuenca. (Setiembre de 2016). Desarrollando Ideas D+I. Obtenido de https://www.desarrollando-ideas.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2016/09/160912_DI_informe_Corrupcion_LatAm_ESP.pdf Malem Seña, J. (2000) Globalización, Comercio Internacional y Corrupción, Barcelona, Editorial Gedisa. Malem Seña, J. (2000), Globalización, Comercio Internacional y Corrupción. Barcelona, Editorial Gedisa. Mauro, P. (1995) “Corruption and Growth”. Quarterly Journal of Economics. CX, 681 Méndez Giraldo, G.; López Santana, E. (Abril de 2016). Problema Social de la Corrupción. Perspectivas desde la dinámica de sistemas. Obtenido de Editorial Udistrital: http://editorial.udistrital.edu.co/contenido/c-870.pdf Performance: Ilustrations from Developing Countries”. World Bank Working Paper N° Proud´homme, R. (1995). "The Dangers of Decentralization". The World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 10, N° 2. Reos, O. (2002). “Efectos Económicos de la Corrupción”. Documento de la División de Programas de Estado y Sociedad Civil1. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. Rose-Ackerman, S. (2001). Corrupción y los Gobiernos. Barcelona, Editorial Siglo XX. SENAC. (2018). Sistema de seguimiento de procesos. Asunción: SENAC. Serafini, V. (2017). Elites y captura del Estado. Paraguay: un estudio exploratorio. Asunción. Decidamos. Shleifer, A. & Vishny, R. (1993). “Corruption”. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 103, N° 3. Soto, R. (2003). Flacso Andes. Obtenido de Biblioteca Digital de Vanguardia para Investigación en Ciencias Sociales Región Andina y América Latina: www.flacsoandes.edu.ec/web/imagesFTP/1275931953.raimundo_soto.pdf Suárez, F. & Gorrochategui, N. (1998). Corrupción Organizacional: Aspectos vinculados a la Estructura de Oportunidades en Diversos Tipos de Organizaciones y Casos de Corrupción Institucionalizados. Instituto de Investigaciones Administrativas de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. Swamy, A. (1999) “Gender and Corruption”. Draft Paper, IRIS Center, University of Maryland. Swamy, A. (1999). Gender and Corruption. Draft Paper, Iris Center, University of Maryland. Sztompka, P. (1997). “Trust, distrust and the paradox of democracy”. Centro Científico de Berlín para la Investigación Social. Disponible en http://skylla.wz-berlin.de/pdf/1997/p97-003.pdf Tanzi, V. (2000) Policies, Institutions and the Dark Side of Economics. Chetenham. Edward Elgar. Tanzi, V. y Davoodi, H. (1998) “Corruption, Public Investment and Growth”. International Monetary Found Working Paper, 97-139. Transparencia Internacional. (2017). Transparency International. Obtenido de https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 Transparency International (2017). Corruption Perceptions Index. Berlin, August. Trujillo Arjona, A. (2002) “La Corrupción Política: Una Revisión de la Literatura”. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Documento de Trabajo 02-14. Trujillo Arjona, A. (2002). La Corrupción Política: Una Revisión de la Literatura. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Documento de Trabajo 02-14. Varese, F. (2001). “Pervasive Corruption”, Working Paper, disponible en www.colbud.hu/honesty-trust/varese/pub01.htm Weyland, K. (1998) “The Politics of Corruption in Latin America”. Journal of Democracy 9, 108-21. Zavala, R. (2013). Universidad Autónoma Nuevo León. Obtenido de Repositorio Académico Digital: http://eprints.uanl.mx/3759/1/Apuntes_sobre_la_historia_de_la_corrupcion.pdf

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Ущина, Валентина. "Афективне позиціонування суб'єкта дискурсивної діяльності в англомовній комунікативній ситуації ризику." East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 3, no.1 (June30, 2016): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2016.3.1.ush.

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У статті вивчається психолінгвістична специфіка та соціокогнітивна динаміка суб’єктного позиціонування в англомовній комунікативній ситуації ризику. Поведінка суб’єкта дискурсивної діяльності в ситуації ризику передбачає прийняття рішень, у той час як процес прийняття рішень у цій роботі розуміється як його / її позиціонування щодо ризику. Суб’єктною позицією маніфестується вербальне / невербальне вираження мовцем свого ставлення до ризику як об’єкта мовленнєвої взаємодії, що включає його емоційний стан, оцінки, перспективи, знання, точки зору. Станси конструюються в мовленні за допомогою мовно-семіотичних ресурсів різних рівнів: лексичних, граматичних, прагматичних. Основна увага в цьому дослідженні приділяється афективному компоненту позиціонування як комплексу аксіологічних оцінок та емоційного ставлення суб’єкта дискурсивної діяльності до ризику. Загальною теоретикометодологічною основою слугує діяльнісний підхід до аналізу дискурсу, який уможливлює інтегроване вивчення дискурсивної інтеракції. Література References Бернстайн П. Против богов: укрощение риска / П. Бернстайн. – М. : ЗАО «Олимп–Бизнес», 2000. – 400 с.Bernstein, P. (2000). Protiv bogov: ukroshcheniye riska. Moscow: ZAO “Olimp-Bizness”. Изард К. Психология эмоций / К. Изард. – СПб. : Питер, 2000. – 464 с.Izard K. (2000) Psikhologiya emotsiy. SPb: Piter. Леонтьев А. Н. Деятельность. Сознание. Личность / А. Н. Леонтьев. – М. : Изд-вополит. лит-ры, 1975. – 304 с.Leontyev A. N. (1975) Deyatelnost. Soznaniye. Lichnost. – Moscow: Izdatelstvopoliticheskoy literatury. Мартинюк А. П. Словник основних термінів когнітивно-дискурсивної лінгвістики /А. П. Мартинюк. – Х. : ХНУ ім. В. І. Каразіна, 2012. – 196 с.Martynyik, A. (2012). Slovnyk osnovnykh terminiv kohnityvno-dyckursyvnoyilingvistyky. Kharkiv: V.I. Karazin KNU. Морозова О. І. Stance: позиція суб’єкта дискурсивної діяльності / О. І. Морозова //Вісн. Київ. нац. лінгвістичного ун-ту. Серія філологія. – 2011. – Т. 14. – № 1. –С. 87–93.Morozova, O. (2011). Stance: pozytsiya cub’yekta dyskursyvnoyi diyalnocti / VisnykKyyivskoho natsionalnoho linhvistychnoho universytetu. Seriya Filologiya. 14 (1). 87–93. Морозова О. І. Діяльнісний стиль мислення у лінгвістичних дослідженнях /О. І. Морозова // Вісн. Харк. нац. ун-ту ім. В. Н. Каразіна. – 2008. – № 811. – С. 41–45.Morozova, O. (2008). Diyalnisnyi styl myslennya u lingvistychnykh doslidzhennyah /Visnyk Kharkivskoho natsionalnoho universutetu imeni Karazina. #811. 41-45. Ушинский К. Д. Избранные педагогические сочинения : в 2 т. / К. Д. Ушинский. –М., 1953. – Т. 1. – 390 с. Ushynskyj, K. (1953). Izbrannyie pedagogicheskiye sochineniya: v 2-h t. T. 1. Moscow. Ущина В. А. Позиціонування суб’єкта у дискурсивних ситуаціях ризику / В. А. Ущина //Вісн. Харк. нац. ун-ту ім. В. Н. Каразіна. Сер. „Романо-германська філологія.Методика викладання іноземних мов”. − 2012. − № 1023. − Вип. 72. − С. 77−84.Ushchyna, V. (2012). Pozytsionuvannya sub’yekta u dyskursivnyh sytuatsiyah ryzyku /Visnyk Kharkivskoho natsionalnoho universutetu imeni Karazina. Ser. “Romanogermanska filologiya. Metodyka vykladannya inozemnykh mov. # 1023. Vyp.92. 77–84. Шаховский В. И. Эмоции: долингвистика, лингвистика, лингвокультурология /В. И. Шаховский. – М. : Книж. дом «ЛИБРОКОМ», 2010. – 128 с.Shakhovski V. (2010). Emotsiyi: dolingvistika, lingvistika, lingvokulturologiya. –Moscow: Knizhn. dom “LIBROKOM”. Crystal D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 3d Edition. – Cambridge: CUP,2010. – 516 p. Davies B. Positioning: The Discursive Production of Selves / B. Davies, R. Harré // Journalfor the Theory of Social Behavior. – № 20 (1). – 1990. – Р. 43–63. Du Bois J. The Stance Triangle / J. Du Bois // Stancetaking in Discourse / ed. byR. Englebretson. – Amsterdam : John Benjamins, 2007. – P. 139–182. Du Bois J. Taking a stance on emotion : affect, sequence, and intersubjectivity in dialogicinteraction / J. Du Bois, E. Karkkainen // Text and Talk. – 2012. – P. 433–451. Englebretson R. Stancetaking in Discourse: An Introduction / R. Englebretson // Stancetakingin Discourse: Subjectivity, Evaluation, Interaction ; ed. by R. Englebretson. – Amsterdam :John Benjamins, 2007. – P. 1–25. Harré R. The Singular Self: An Introduction to the Psychology of Personhood / Rom Harré. –London : Sage, 1998. – 192 p. Hyland K. Stance and Voice in Written Academic Genres / Ken Hyland. – London ; NewYork : Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. – 280 p. Jaffe A. Introduction: The Sociolinguistics of Stance / Alexandra Jaffe // Stance:Sociolinguistic Perspectives / ed. by A. Jaffe. – Oxford : OUP, 2009. – P. 3–28. Langlotz A. Creating Social Orientation Through Language. A socio-cognitive theory ofsituate social meaning / Andreas Langlotz. – Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins,2015. – 366 p. Lerner J. S., Keltner D. (2001). Fear, anger, and risk. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology, 81, 146–159. Oatley, K. Perceptions and Representations: The Theoretical Bases of Brain Research /Keith Oatley. – London ; Methuen ; New York : Free Press, 1978. – 262 р. Scherer, K. R. What are emotions? And how can they be measured? / K. R. Scherer //Social Science Information. − Vol. 44 (4). – London : Sage Publications, 2005. –P. 695–729. Schwarz-Friezel, M. (2007). Sprache und Emotion / Monika Schwarz-Friezel Monika. –Tübingen: A. Francke. Slovic, P. (2010). The Feeling of Risk / Paul Slovic. New York: Routlesge, 2010. Ushchyna, V. (2014). Stancetaking in the discourse on risk: identities construed. In:Subjectivity and Epistemicity. Corpus, Discourse, and Literary Approaches to Stance (pp.165-188), Dylan Glynn & Mette Sjölin, (Eds). Lund: Lund University Press. Vrobyova, O. (2015). Fifty Shades of Tension: The Ecology of Sense and Nonsense. In:Towards the Ecology of Human Communication. (pp. 85-100). Cambridge: CambridgeScholars Publishing. Список джерел ілюстративного матеріалу Sources Follett, K. (1992). Night Over Water. N.Y.: Penguin Books.

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Christensen, Bent. "Kirke og menighed i Grundtvigs teologi og kirkepolitik 1806-61." Grundtvig-Studier 64, no.1 (May29, 2015): 7–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/grs.v64i1.20906.

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Kirke og menighed i Grundtvigs teologi og kirkepolitik 1806-61[Church and Congregation in Grundtvig’s Theology and Church Politics 1806-61]By Bent ChristensenFrom his 1806 work “Om Religion og Liturgie” (On Religion and Liturgy) and forthe rest of his life, N. F. S. Grundtvig was preoccupied with the substance andthe conditions of the church. In this paper, however, the latest text consideredis the final chapter of his book Den christelige Børnelærdom (Christian Childhood Teachings) (1861).The paper presents and analyses a number of statements showing whatGrundtvig understood by the terms “church” and “congregation” through threemain periods: 1. 1806-25 when Grundtvig by criticizing tried to clear the StateChurch of the Danish absolute monarchy of the current heterodox teachings andpractices. - 2. 1825-32 when Grundtvig had to admit that the battle was lost and that he himself was close to ending up as a separatist - 3. The years after 1832 when Grundtvig developed a freedom strategy based on the right of eachparishioner to choose another vicar or minister than the official incumbent ofthe parish (the so-called “sognebåndsløsning”).“On Religion and Liturgy” (written 1806 and printed 1807) was conceivedunder the State Church of the Danish absolute monarchy, a situation in whichit was not feasible to distinguish between the state and the church, nor betweenpeople and congregation. Grundtvig in his harsh criticism of contemporary clergy, however, was moving in the specific Christian dimension. He strove to change the state of things by criticizing them. In a poem dated 1811 he described in a strongly pentecostal and Apostolic perspective how he experienced his recent ordination and his future clerical calling.In his treatise “Om Kirke, Stat og Skole” (On Church, State and School)(1818-19), Grundtvig endeavoured to define the word and the conception of“church” and to examine the relationship between the church and the state. Heused the word “church” in a very broad sense, whereas he defined the Christian“kirkesamfund” (i.e. the community of Christians within the church) quiteprecisely.In his great poem Nyaars-Morgen (New Year’s Morn) (1824), Grundtvigfor the last time expressed his daring dream of a joint Christian and popular revival in Denmark, and in 1825 in the pamphlet Kirkens Gienmæle (The Church’s Retort) he used his “mageløse opdagelse” (i.e. his “matchless discovery”, as he termed it, that the confession of the Apostles’ Creed at the baptism is the only true basis for the authentic Church) for an attack on a heterodox professor of divinity. Grundtvig’s experiment to enforce true Christianity in this way was a failure. He lost the ensuing libel action brought against him by his victim, thus automatically, according to the Freedom of the Press Act of 1799, incurring life-long censorship.“Skal den Lutherske Reformation virkelig fortsættes?” (Should the LutheranReformation Really Continue?) (1830-31) represents Grundtvig’s last attemptto preserve the state church as a Christian community. From the autumn of 1831 until February 1832 he and his revivalist friends approached a separatist solution. However, the outcome was that on 1 March 1832 Grundtvig was granted permission to officiate in a Copenhagen church as a free preacher.From then on Grundtvig took on a radical freedom strategy. The state churchwas to be preserved as an institution embracing heterodox as well as orthodoxbelievers. This would be possible if the parish-defined obligations were abolished(the possibility of “sognebåndsløsning”) so that those Christians who did not feelconfident with the incumbent of their parish might choose to avail themselvesof the services of another vicar. This model was presented in two papers: OmDaabs-Pagten (On the Baptismal Covenant) (1832) and Den Danske Stats-Kirke upartisk betragtet (An Impartial View of the Danish State Church) (1834).Grundtvig could now, at one and the same time, be an orthodox Christianamong his co-orthodox supporters and engage in realizing the cultural programme presented in the comprehensive Introduction to his Nordens Mythologi (Norse Mythology) (1832). From around 1835 he was seized by strong optimism.In 1861 the final part of Den christelige Børnelærdom was published, subtitled“The Eternal Word of Life from the very Mouth of our Lord to his Congregation”.In it, Grundtvig took as a supposition the most radical version of a freechurch, i.e. one with a congregation of perhaps only a few thousand members.Above all, however, this was meant to legitimate that Grundtvig and his friendsremained in what was now, pursuant to the new Danish democratic constitutionfrom 1849, labeled the Danish People’s Church. With the possibility of secessionfrom the People’s Church, and after the passing in 1855 of the law legalizing“sognebåndsløsning”, there actually might be several good reasons to stay.Grundtvig now viewed the People’s Church as a state institution withroom for anything which could in any way be defined as Christianity, and indeedfor the true congregation of orthodox believers. Things never went so far,however. The 1849 Constitution states that the Evangelical-Lutheran Church is the Danish People’s Church. In practice, however—and to a high degree thanks to Grundtvig—there is a great liberality in the People’s Church, and those who desire so may break their ties to their parish and attach themselves to a minister they trust or even form their own elective congregation within the People’s Church.

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Xing, Fei, Yi Ping Yao, Zhi Wen Jiang, and Bing Wang. "Fine-Grained Parallel and Distributed Spatial Stochastic Simulation of Biological Reactions." Advanced Materials Research 345 (September 2011): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.345.104.

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To date, discrete event stochastic simulations of large scale biological reaction systems are extremely compute-intensive and time-consuming. Besides, it has been widely accepted that spatial factor plays a critical role in the dynamics of most biological reaction systems. The NSM (the Next Sub-Volume Method), a spatial variation of the Gillespie’s stochastic simulation algorithm (SSA), has been proposed for spatially stochastic simulation of those systems. While being able to explore high degree of parallelism in systems, NSM is inherently sequential, which still suffers from the problem of low simulation speed. Fine-grained parallel execution is an elegant way to speed up sequential simulations. Thus, based on the discrete event simulation framework JAMES II, we design and implement a PDES (Parallel Discrete Event Simulation) TW (time warp) simulator to enable the fine-grained parallel execution of spatial stochastic simulations of biological reaction systems using the ANSM (the Abstract NSM), a parallel variation of the NSM. The simulation results of classical Lotka-Volterra biological reaction system show that our time warp simulator obtains remarkable parallel speed-up against sequential execution of the NSM.I.IntroductionThe goal of Systems biology is to obtain system-level investigations of the structure and behavior of biological reaction systems by integrating biology with system theory, mathematics and computer science [1][3], since the isolated knowledge of parts can not explain the dynamics of a whole system. As the complement of “wet-lab” experiments, stochastic simulation, being called the “dry-computational” experiment, plays a more and more important role in computing systems biology [2]. Among many methods explored in systems biology, discrete event stochastic simulation is of greatly importance [4][5][6], since a great number of researches have present that stochasticity or “noise” have a crucial effect on the dynamics of small population biological reaction systems [4][7]. Furthermore, recent research shows that the stochasticity is not only important in biological reaction systems with small population but also in some moderate/large population systems [7].To date, Gillespie’s SSA [8] is widely considered to be the most accurate way to capture the dynamics of biological reaction systems instead of traditional mathematical method [5][9]. However, SSA-based stochastic simulation is confronted with two main challenges: Firstly, this type of simulation is extremely time-consuming, since when the types of species and the number of reactions in the biological system are large, SSA requires a huge amount of steps to sample these reactions; Secondly, the assumption that the systems are spatially homogeneous or well-stirred is hardly met in most real biological systems and spatial factors play a key role in the behaviors of most real biological systems [19][20][21][22][23][24]. The next sub-volume method (NSM) [18], presents us an elegant way to access the special problem via domain partition. To our disappointment, sequential stochastic simulation with the NSM is still very time-consuming, and additionally introduced diffusion among neighbor sub-volumes makes things worse. Whereas, the NSM explores a very high degree of parallelism among sub-volumes, and parallelization has been widely accepted as the most meaningful way to tackle the performance bottleneck of sequential simulations [26][27]. Thus, adapting parallel discrete event simulation (PDES) techniques to discrete event stochastic simulation would be particularly promising. Although there are a few attempts have been conducted [29][30][31], research in this filed is still in its infancy and many issues are in need of further discussion. The next section of the paper presents the background and related work in this domain. In section III, we give the details of design and implementation of model interfaces of LP paradigm and the time warp simulator based on the discrete event simulation framework JAMES II; the benchmark model and experiment results are shown in Section IV; in the last section, we conclude the paper with some future work.II. Background and Related WorkA. Parallel Discrete Event Simulation (PDES)The notion Logical Process (LP) is introduced to PDES as the abstract of the physical process [26], where a system consisting of many physical processes is usually modeled by a set of LP. LP is regarded as the smallest unit that can be executed in PDES and each LP holds a sub-partition of the whole system’s state variables as its private ones. When a LP processes an event, it can only modify the state variables of its own. If one LP needs to modify one of its neighbors’ state variables, it has to schedule an event to the target neighbor. That is to say event message exchanging is the only way that LPs interact with each other. Because of the data dependences or interactions among LPs, synchronization protocols have to be introduced to PDES to guarantee the so-called local causality constraint (LCC) [26]. By now, there are a larger number of synchronization algorithms have been proposed, e.g. the null-message [26], the time warp (TW) [32], breath time warp (BTW) [33] and etc. According to whether can events of LPs be processed optimistically, they are generally divided into two types: conservative algorithms and optimistic algorithms. However, Dematté and Mazza have theoretically pointed out the disadvantages of pure conservative parallel simulation for biochemical reaction systems [31]. B. NSM and ANSM The NSM is a spatial variation of Gillespie’ SSA, which integrates the direct method (DM) [8] with the next reaction method (NRM) [25]. The NSM presents us a pretty good way to tackle the aspect of space in biological systems by partitioning a spatially inhomogeneous system into many much more smaller “homogeneous” ones, which can be simulated by SSA separately. However, the NSM is inherently combined with the sequential semantics, and all sub-volumes share one common data structure for events or messages. Thus, directly parallelization of the NSM may be confronted with the so-called boundary problem and high costs of synchronously accessing the common data structure [29]. In order to obtain higher efficiency of parallel simulation, parallelization of NSM has to firstly free the NSM from the sequential semantics and secondly partition the shared data structure into many “parallel” ones. One of these is the abstract next sub-volume method (ANSM) [30]. In the ANSM, each sub-volume is modeled by a logical process (LP) based on the LP paradigm of PDES, where each LP held its own event queue and state variables (see Fig. 1). In addition, the so-called retraction mechanism was introduced in the ANSM too (see algorithm 1). Besides, based on the ANSM, Wang etc. [30] have experimentally tested the performance of several PDES algorithms in the platform called YH-SUPE [27]. However, their platform is designed for general simulation applications, thus it would sacrifice some performance for being not able to take into account the characteristics of biological reaction systems. Using the similar ideas of the ANSM, Dematté and Mazza have designed and realized an optimistic simulator. However, they processed events in time-stepped manner, which would lose a specific degree of precisions compared with the discrete event manner, and it is very hard to transfer a time-stepped simulation to a discrete event one. In addition, Jeschke etc.[29] have designed and implemented a dynamic time-window simulator to execution the NSM in parallel on the grid computing environment, however, they paid main attention on the analysis of communication costs and determining a better size of the time-window.Fig. 1: the variations from SSA to NSM and from NSM to ANSMC. JAMES II JAMES II is an open source discrete event simulation experiment framework developed by the University of Rostock in Germany. It focuses on high flexibility and scalability [11][13]. Based on the plug-in scheme [12], each function of JAMES II is defined as a specific plug-in type, and all plug-in types and plug-ins are declared in XML-files [13]. Combined with the factory method pattern JAMES II innovatively split up the model and simulator, which makes JAMES II is very flexible to add and reuse both of models and simulators. In addition, JAMES II supports various types of modelling formalisms, e.g. cellular automata, discrete event system specification (DEVS), SpacePi, StochasticPi and etc.[14]. Besides, a well-defined simulator selection mechanism is designed and developed in JAMES II, which can not only automatically choose the proper simulators according to the modeling formalism but also pick out a specific simulator from a serious of simulators supporting the same modeling formalism according to the user settings [15].III. The Model Interface and SimulatorAs we have mentioned in section II (part C), model and simulator are split up into two separate parts. Thus, in this section, we introduce the designation and implementation of model interface of LP paradigm and more importantly the time warp simulator.A. The Mod Interface of LP ParadigmJAMES II provides abstract model interfaces for different modeling formalism, based on which Wang etc. have designed and implemented model interface of LP paradigm[16]. However, this interface is not scalable well for parallel and distributed simulation of larger scale systems. In our implementation, we accommodate the interface to the situation of parallel and distributed situations. Firstly, the neighbor LP’s reference is replaced by its name in LP’s neighbor queue, because it is improper even dangerous that a local LP hold the references of other LPs in remote memory space. In addition, (pseudo-)random number plays a crucial role to obtain valid and meaningful results in stochastic simulations. However, it is still a very challenge work to find a good random number generator (RNG) [34]. Thus, in order to focus on our problems, we introduce one of the uniform RNGs of JAMES II to this model interface, where each LP holds a private RNG so that random number streams of different LPs can be independent stochastically. B. The Time Warp SimulatorBased on the simulator interface provided by JAMES II, we design and implement the time warp simulator, which contains the (master-)simulator, (LP-)simulator. The simulator works strictly as master/worker(s) paradigm for fine-grained parallel and distributed stochastic simulations. Communication costs are crucial to the performance of a fine-grained parallel and distributed simulation. Based on the Java remote method invocation (RMI) mechanism, P2P (peer-to-peer) communication is implemented among all (master-and LP-)simulators, where a simulator holds all the proxies of targeted ones that work on remote workers. One of the advantages of this communication approach is that PDES codes can be transferred to various hardwire environment, such as Clusters, Grids and distributed computing environment, with only a little modification; The other is that RMI mechanism is easy to realized and independent to any other non-Java libraries. Since the straggler event problem, states have to be saved to rollback events that are pre-processed optimistically. Each time being modified, the state is cloned to a queue by Java clone mechanism. Problem of this copy state saving approach is that it would cause loads of memory space. However, the problem can be made up by a condign GVT calculating mechanism. GVT reduction scheme also has a significant impact on the performance of parallel simulators, since it marks the highest time boundary of events that can be committed so that memories of fossils (processed events and states) less than GVT can be reallocated. GVT calculating is a very knotty for the notorious simultaneous reporting problem and transient messages problem. According to our problem, another GVT algorithm, called Twice Notification (TN-GVT) (see algorithm 2), is contributed to this already rich repository instead of implementing one of GVT algorithms in reference [26] and [28].This algorithm looks like the synchronous algorithm described in reference [26] (pp. 114), however, they are essentially different from each other. This algorithm has never stopped the simulators from processing events when GVT reduction, while algorithm in reference [26] blocks all simulators for GVT calculating. As for the transient message problem, it can be neglect in our implementation, because RMI based remote communication approach is synchronized, that means a simulator will not go on its processing until the remote the massage get to its destination. And because of this, the high-costs message acknowledgement, prevalent over many classical asynchronous GVT algorithms, is not needed anymore too, which should be constructive to the whole performance of the time warp simulator.IV. Benchmark Model and Experiment ResultsA. The Lotka-Volterra Predator-prey SystemIn our experiment, the spatial version of Lotka-Volterra predator-prey system is introduced as the benchmark model (see Fig. 2). We choose the system for two considerations: 1) this system is a classical experimental model that has been used in many related researches [8][30][31], so it is credible and the simulation results are comparable; 2) it is simple but helpful enough to test the issues we are interested in. The space of predator-prey System is partitioned into a2D NXNgrid, whereNdenotes the edge size of the grid. Initially the population of the Grass, Preys and Predators are set to 1000 in each single sub-volume (LP). In Fig. 2,r1,r2,r3stand for the reaction constants of the reaction 1, 2 and 3 respectively. We usedGrass,dPreyanddPredatorto stand for the diffusion rate of Grass, Prey and Predator separately. Being similar to reference [8], we also take the assumption that the population of the grass remains stable, and thusdGrassis set to zero.R1:Grass + Prey ->2Prey(1)R2:Predator +Prey -> 2Predator(2)R3:Predator -> NULL(3)r1=0.01; r2=0.01; r3=10(4)dGrass=0.0;dPrey=2.5;dPredato=5.0(5)Fig. 2: predator-prey systemB. Experiment ResultsThe simulation runs have been executed on a Linux Cluster with 40 computing nodes. Each computing node is equipped with two 64bit 2.53 GHz Intel Xeon QuadCore Processors with 24GB RAM, and nodes are interconnected with Gigabit Ethernet connection. The operating system is Kylin Server 3.5, with kernel 2.6.18. Experiments have been conducted on the benchmark model of different size of mode to investigate the execution time and speedup of the time warp simulator. As shown in Fig. 3, the execution time of simulation on single processor with 8 cores is compared. The result shows that it will take more wall clock time to simulate much larger scale systems for the same simulation time. This testifies the fact that larger scale systems will leads to more events in the same time interval. More importantly, the blue line shows that the sequential simulation performance declines very fast when the mode scale becomes large. The bottleneck of sequential simulator is due to the costs of accessing a long event queue to choose the next events. Besides, from the comparison between group 1 and group 2 in this experiment, we could also conclude that high diffusion rate increased the simulation time greatly both in sequential and parallel simulations. This is because LP paradigm has to split diffusion into two processes (diffusion (in) and diffusion (out) event) for two interactive LPs involved in diffusion and high diffusion rate will lead to high proportional of diffusion to reaction. In the second step shown in Fig. 4, the relationship between the speedups from time warp of two different model sizes and the number of work cores involved are demonstrated. The speedup is calculated against the sequential execution of the spatial reaction-diffusion systems model with the same model size and parameters using NSM.Fig. 4 shows the comparison of speedup of time warp on a64X64grid and a100X100grid. In the case of a64X64grid, under the condition that only one node is used, the lowest speedup (a little bigger than 1) is achieved when two cores involved, and the highest speedup (about 6) is achieved when 8 cores involved. The influence of the number of cores used in parallel simulation is investigated. In most cases, large number of cores could bring in considerable improvements in the performance of parallel simulation. Also, compared with the two results in Fig. 4, the simulation of larger model achieves better speedup. Combined with time tests (Fig. 3), we find that sequential simulator’s performance declines sharply when the model scale becomes very large, which makes the time warp simulator get better speed-up correspondingly.Fig. 3: Execution time (wall clock time) of Seq. and time warp with respect to different model sizes (N=32, 64, 100, and 128) and model parameters based on single computing node with 8 cores. Results of the test are grouped by the diffusion rates (Group 1: Sequential 1 and Time Warp 1. dPrey=2.5, dPredator=5.0; Group 2: dPrey=0.25, dPredator=0.5, Sequential 2 and Time Warp 2).Fig. 4: Speedup of time warp with respect to the number of work cores and the model size (N=64 and 100). Work cores are chose from one computing node. Diffusion rates are dPrey=2.5, dPredator=5.0 and dGrass=0.0.V. Conclusion and Future WorkIn this paper, a time warp simulator based on the discrete event simulation framework JAMES II is designed and implemented for fine-grained parallel and distributed discrete event spatial stochastic simulation of biological reaction systems. Several challenges have been overcome, such as state saving, roll back and especially GVT reduction in parallel execution of simulations. The Lotka-Volterra Predator-Prey system is chosen as the benchmark model to test the performance of our time warp simulator and the best experiment results show that it can obtain about 6 times of speed-up against the sequential simulation. The domain this paper concerns with is in the infancy, many interesting issues are worthy of further investigated, e.g. there are many excellent PDES optimistic synchronization algorithms (e.g. the BTW) as well. Next step, we would like to fill some of them into JAMES II. In addition, Gillespie approximation methods (tau-leap[10] etc.) sacrifice some degree of precision for higher simulation speed, but still could not address the aspect of space of biological reaction systems. The combination of spatial element and approximation methods would be very interesting and promising; however, the parallel execution of tau-leap methods should have to overcome many obstacles on the road ahead.AcknowledgmentThis work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSF) Grant (No.60773019) and the Ph.D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (No. 200899980004). The authors would like to show their great gratitude to Dr. Jan Himmelspach and Dr. Roland Ewald at the University of Rostock, Germany for their invaluable advice and kindly help with JAMES II.ReferencesH. Kitano, "Computational systems biology." Nature, vol. 420, no. 6912, pp. 206-210, November 2002.H. Kitano, "Systems biology: a brief overview." 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Dewey, "Stochastic fluctuations in gene expression far from equilibrium: Omega expansion and linear noise approximation," The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 122, no. 12, 2005.D. T. Gillespie, "Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions," Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol. 81, no. 25, pp. 2340-2361, December 1977.D. T. Gillespie, "Stochastic simulation of chemical kinetics," Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 35-55, 2007.D. T. Gillespie, "Approximate accelerated stochastic simulation of chemically reacting systems," The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 115, no. 4, pp. 1716-1733, 2001.J. Himmelspach, R. Ewald, and A. M. Uhrmacher, "A flexible and scalable experimentation layer," in WSC '08: Proceedings of the 40th Conference on Winter Simulation. Winter Simulation Conference, 2008, pp. 827-835.J. Himmelspach and A. M. Uhrmacher, "Plug'n simulate," in 40th Annual Simulation Symposium (ANSS'07). 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Experimental analysis of logical process simulation algorithms in james ii[C]// In M. D. Rossetti, R. R. Hill, B. Johansson, A. Dunkin, and R. G. Ingalls, editors, Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference, IEEE Computer Science, 2009. 1167-1179.Ewald, J. Rössel, J. Himmelspach, and A. M. Uhrmacher, "A plug-in-based architecture for random number generation in simulation systems," in WSC '08: Proceedings of the 40th Conference on Winter Simulation. Winter Simulation Conference, 2008, pp. 836-844.J. Elf and M. Ehrenberg, "Spontaneous separation of bi-stable biochemical systems into spatial domains of opposite phases." Systems biology, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 230-236, December 2004.K. Takahashi, S. Arjunan, and M. Tomita, "Space in systems biology of signaling pathways? Towards intracellular molecular crowding in silico," FEBS Letters, vol. 579, no. 8, pp. 1783-1788, March 2005.J. V. Rodriguez, J. A. Kaandorp, M. Dobrzynski, and J. G. 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Reifegerste, Doreen, and Annemarie Wiedicke. "Inaccuracies and exaggerations (Health Coverage)." DOCA - Database of Variables for Content Analysis, March26, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34778/2b.

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Exaggerated or simplistic media coverage on health issues is often blamed for affecting public health (Sumner et al., 2016). For example, MacDonald and Hoffman-Goetz (2002) have shown that cancer information in newspapers frequently contained inaccuracies in the past. However, more recent findings suggest that inaccuracies, like an oversimplified language, and exaggerations are already present in health news press releases (Brechman et al., 2009; Sumner et al., 2016). Field of application/theoretical founation: Health communication, science communication Example studies: Brechman et al. (2009); MacDonald & Hoffman-Goetz (2002); Sumner et al. (2014); Sumner et al. (2016) Information on Brechman et al., 2009 Authors: Jean M- Brechman, Chul-joo Lee, Joseph N. Cappella Research question: The study explores the communication of genetic science to the lay public. To address this issue, this study compares the presentation of genetic research relating to cancer outcomes and behaviors (i.e., prostate cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, smoking and obesity) in the press release (N = 23) to the presentation in the subsequent news coverage (N = 71). Object of analysis: The total sample included N = 71 articles on gene/cancer-outcome discoveries from major U.S. newspapers (no further information) as well as all corresponding press releases (N = 23) from institution web sites and EurekAlert! or PRNewswire (electronic archives of releases for science writers). Time frame of analysis: July 2004 to June 2007 Info about variables Variables: Coding schema to capture conceptual and contextual differences between information presented in the press release and information presented in related news coverage; codes used to make these distinctions included overgeneralization/ simplification, assimilation of speculation into fact, contradiction, and level of specificity/qualifying information. Reliability: In order to assess reliability, five cases containing 109 claims were coded by two independent coders. Overall agreement was 79.8%. Level of analysis: Central claims on genetic research relating to cancer outcomes and behaviors in press release and media articles Information on MacDonald & Hoffman-Goetz, 2009 Authors: Megan M. MacDonald, Laurie Hoffman-Goetz Research question: The purpose of this study was to determine whether cancer articles in Canadian newspapers provide accurate cancer information relative to the original scientific sources of the information and the extent of mobilizing information about cancer prevention and treatment. A second objective was to determine whether newspaper circulation size influenced the accuracy of reporting of cancer information. Object of analysis: From a total of 38 newspapers serving Ontario, the top 5 and bottom 5 newspapers in terms of circulation were identified for extreme group comparisons. All articles including the term “cancer” in the headline were extracted and a random sampling led to a total sample of N = 306 articles, including The Toronto Star (n = 63), The Ottawa Citizen (n = 49), The Hamilton Spectator (n = 53), The London Free Press (n = 42) and The Windsor Star (n = 30) as top 5 newspapers as well as. the Pembroke Daily Observer (n = 12), Lindsay Daily Post (n = 20), Northern Daily News (Kirkland Lake) (n = 12), Cobourg Daily Star (n = 10) and The Daily Miner & News (Kenora) (n = 15) as bottom 5. Time frame of analysis: 1991 Info about variables Variables: The accuracy of each article was assessed using the following criteria: misleading title, treating speculation as fact, erroneous information, omitting important results and omitting qualifications or caveats to findings. Reliability: The articles were coded separately by the researchers using the identified criteria. Where discrepancies occurred in coding results, these were discussed until a consensus was met. Consensus discussions occurred early in data collection to allow this process to inform and direct future coding (no further information provided). Level of analysis: article Information on Sumner et al., 2014 Authors: Petroc Sumner, Solveiga Vivian-Griffiths, Jacky Boivin, Andy Williams, Christos A Venetis, Aimée Davis, Jack Ogden, Leanne Whelan, Bethan Hughes, Bethan Dalton, Fred Boy, Christopher D Chambers Research question: The study examines whether the press release or the news article are the source of distortions, exaggerations, or changes to the main conclusions drawn from research that could potentially influence a reader’s health related behaviour. Object of analysis: Press releases (n = 462) on biomedical and health related science issued by 20 leading UK universities, alongside their associated peer reviewed research papers and news stories (n = 668). Time frame of analysis: 2011 Info about variables Variables: Taking the peer reviewed paper as a baseline, the authors sought cases where news stories offered advice to readers, made causal claims, or inferred relevance to humans beyond (or different to) that stated in the associated peer reviewed paper. Given the likelihood that some statements in journal articles themselves would be considered exaggerated by other scientists in the specialty, the overall levels of measured exaggeration are likely to be underestimates. The authors then asked whether such discrepancies were already present in the corresponding press release. For example, if a study reported a correlation between stress and wine consumption and the news story claimed that wine causes stress, what did the press release say? Similarly, if a news story claimed a new treatment for humans but the study was on rodents, what did the press release say? Full coding guidelines: https://figshare.com/articles/InSciOut/903704 “Is there a generalisation?”: these variables provide information on whether exaggerations have occurred between the journal article and abstract, press release, or news report(s) No generalisation – yes/ no minor generalisation - yes/ no major generalisation - yes/ no Justification offered for generalisation between actual study and abstract / press release /news report - yes/ no Reliability: no information provided Level of analysis: article Information on Sumner et al., 2016 Authors: Petroc Sumner, Solveiga Vivian-Griffiths, Jacky Boivin, Andrew Williams, Lewis Bott, Racel Adams, Christos A Venetis, Aimée Davis, Leanne Whelan, Bethan Hughes, Christopher D Chambers Research question: Recent findings suggested many exaggerations in the portrayal of health information were already present in university press releases, which scientists approve. Surprisingly, these exaggerations were not associated with more news coverage. This study examines whether these two controversial results also arise in press releases from prominent science and medical journals. Object of analysis: press releases (n = 534) on biomedical and health-related science issued by leading peer-reviewed journals. The authors similarly analysed the associated peer-reviewed papers (n = 534) and news stories (n = 582). Time frame of analysis: 2011 Info about variables Variables: The process of data extraction and analysis was identical to that in Sumner et al. (2014). Full coding guidelines: https://figshare.com/articles/InSciOut/903704 References Brechman, J. M., Lee, C.?J., & Cappella, J. N. (2009). Lost in Translation? A Comparison of Cancer-Genetics Reporting in the Press Release and its Subsequent Coverage in Lay Press. Science Communication, 30(4), 453–474. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547009332649 MacDonald, M. M., & Hoffman-Goetz, L. (2002). A Retrospective Study of the Accuracy of Cancer Information in Ontario Daily Newspapers. Canadian Journal of Public Health / Revue Canadienne De Sante'e Publique, 93(2), 142–145. www.jstor.org/stable/41993460 Sumner, P., Vivian-Griffiths, S., Boivin, J., Williams, A., Venetis, C. A., Davies, A., Ogden, J., Whelan, L., Hughes, B., Dalton, B., Boy, F., & Chambers, C. D. (2014). The association between exaggeration in health related science news and academic press releases: Retrospective observational study. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 349, g7015. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g7015 Sumner, P., Vivian-Griffiths, S., Boivin, J., Williams, A., Bott, L., Adams, R., Venetis, C. A., Whelan, L., Hughes, B., & Chambers, C. D. (2016). Exaggerations and Caveats in Press Releases and Health-Related Science News. PloS One, 11(12), e0168217. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168217

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Thai, Tran Thanh, Nguyen Le Que Lam, Ngo Xuan Quang, and Ha Hoang Hieu. "Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Meiofauna Communities in Correlation to Environmental Characteristics in the Organic Shrimp Farms of Tam Giang Commune, Nam Can District, Ca Mau Province." VNU Journal of Science: Natural Sciences and Technology 34, no.1 (March23, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.25073/2588-1140/vnunst.4715.

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Environmental factors and meiofauna communities in the organic shrimp farms located in Tam Giang commune, Nam Can District, Ca Mau province were investigated in March (dry season), July (transfer season) and November (wet season) of 2015. The results recorded that the environmental factors were not quite optimal for shrimp farming such as the high percentage of TN and TOC and anaerobic condition in sediment. The results were also indicated that DO, TOC and TN showed significant correlation with characteristics of meiofauna communities. Following results were indicated that the meiofauna communities were expressed as the high abundance and slightly biodiversity that is a rich natural food sources for shrimp in the organic shrimp farms ponds. Further more, nematoda dominate numerically in the meiofauna communities. Keywords Biodiversity, Ca Mau, mangroves, meiofauna, organic shrimp farms References [1]. S. Trent, J. Williams, C. Thornton, M. Shanahan, Farming the sea, costing the earth: why we must green the blue revolution (2004).[2]. P. N. Hong, H. T. San, Mangroves of Vietnam 7 (1993) IUCN.[3]. B. T. Nga, Hệ thống rừng-tôm trong phát triển bền vững vùng ven biển đồng bằng sông Cửu Long, Tạp chí Khoa học Trường Đại học Cần Thơ 10 (2008) 6. [4]. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural development, 2016. https://tongcucthuysan.gov.vn/en-us/aquaculture/doc-tin/006222/2016-10-28/ca-mau-set-outs-to-become-viet-nams-largest-shrimp-hub. Truy cập ngày 14/8/2017.[5]. Thai agricutural standard (TAS), Organic marine shrimp farming, Royal Gazette 124 (2007)[6]. T. T. Thai, N. T. My Yen, N. Tho, N. X. Quang, Meiofauna in the mangrove–shrimp farms ponds, ca mau province. Journal of Science and Technology, 55 (2017) 271.[7]. N. Tho, V. N. Ut, R. Merckx, Physico‐chemical characteristics of the improved extensive shrimp farming system in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam, Aquaculture Research 42 (2011) 1600.[8]. R. P. Higgins, H. Thiel, Introduction to the Study of Meiofauna, Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington DC, 1988.[9]. B. C. Coull, Role of meiofauna in estuarine soft‐bottom habitats, Austral Ecology 24 (1999) 327.[10]. N. Majdi, W. Traunspurger, Free-living nematodes in the freshwater food web: a review, Journal of nematology, 47(2015) 28.[11]. C. L. Marte, The Food and Feeding Habit of Penaeus Monodon Fabricius Collected From Makato River, Aklan, Philippines (Decapoda Natantia) 1, Crustaceana 38 (1980) 225.[12]. M. Vincx, Meiofauna in marine and freshwater sediments, In G. S. Hall (Ed.), Methods for the examination of organismal diversity in soils and sediments Wallinfort, UK, 1996[13]. S. Porrello, P. Tomassetti, L. Manzueto, M. G. Finoia, E. Persia, I. Mercatali, P. Stipa, The influence of marine cages on the sediment chemistry in the Western Mediterranean Sea, Aquaculture, 249 (2005) 145.[14]. P. Munsiri, C. E. Boyd, D. Teichert-Coddington, B. F. Hajek, Texture and chemical composition of soils from shrimp ponds near Choluteca, Honduras, Aquaculture International 4 (1996) 157.[15]. C.E. Boyd, Best management practices for water and soil management in shrimp farming. Workshop (2003) in MazatlaŁn, Mexico.[16]. X. N. Quang, A. Vanreusel, N. V. Thanh, N. Smol, Biodiversity of meiofauna in the intertidal Khe Nhan mudflat, Can Gio mangrove forest, Vietnam with special emphasis on free living nematodes, Ocean Science Journal 42 (2007) 135.[17]. X. N. Quang , A. Vanreusel, N. Smol, N. N. Chau, Meiobenthos assemblages in the mekong estuarine system with special focus on free-living marine nematodes, Ocean Science Journal 45 (2010) 213.[18]. S. Vanhove, M. Vincx, D.V. Gansbeke, W. Gijselinck, D. Schram, The meiobenthos of five mangrove vegetation types in Gazi Bay, Kenya, Hydrobiologia 247 (1992) 99.[19]. B. Kondalarao, Distribution of meiobenthic harpacticoid copepods in Gautami-Godavari estuarine system, Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 13 (1984) 80.[20]. A.M.A. Sultan, K. Krishnamurthy, M.J.P. Jeyaseelan,. Energy flows through the benthic ecosystem of the mangroves with special reference to nematodes. Mahasagar Bull. Nat. Inst. Oceanogr., 16 (1983) 317.[21]. A.H. Dye, Vertical and horizontal distribution of meiofauna in mangrove sediments in Transkei, Southern Africa, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 16 (1983) 591.[22]. D.M. Alongi, Intertidal zonation and seasonality of meiobenthos in tropical mangrove estuaries, Marine Biology 95 (1987) 447.[23]. N. K. Panikkar, Possibilities of further expansion of fish and prawn cultural practices in India, Current Science 21 (1952) 29.[24]. V. C. Chong, A. Sasekumar, Food and feeding habits of the white prawn Penaeus merguiensis, Marine ecology progress series 5 (1981) 185.[25]. Z. A. Ansari, B. S. Ingole, A. H. Abidi, Organic enrichment and benthic fauna–Some ecological consideration, Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences 43 (2014) 554.

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ROS, Editorial Office. "Hydrogen Peroxide: A Novel Mechanism of Its Production from Pure Water." Reactive Oxygen Species 11 (February22, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.20455/ros.2021.n.801.

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The latest cutting-edge research findings published in highly influential journals have greatly advanced our current understanding of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), a notable reactive oxygen species, in chemistry, biology, and medicine. In this context, recent studies by J.K. Lee et al., published in Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, discovered a novel mechanism of spontaneous production of H₂O₂ from pure water in the absence of catalysts or external electric field. This discovery by J.K. Lee et al. has changed our view on the chemical connection between H₂O₂ and H₂O though the biological significance of the discovery remains unknown. REFERENCES Hopkins RZ, Li YR. Essentials of Free Radical Biology and Medicine. Cell Med Press, Raleigh, NC, USA. 2017. Hopkins RZ. Hydrogen peroxide in biology and medicine: an overview. React Oxyg Species (Apex) 2017; 3(7):26–37. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.20455/ros.2017.809. Bergman P, Parise B, Liseau R, Larsson B, Olofsson H, Menten KM, et al. Detection of interstellar hydrogen peroxide. Astronomy Astrophysics 2011; 531:L8. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201117170. Lee JK, Walker KL, Han HS, Kang J, Prinz FB, Waymouth RM, et al. Spontaneous generation of hydrogen peroxide from aqueous microdroplets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2019; 116(39):19294‒8. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1911883116. Lee JK, Han HS, Chaikasetsin S, Marron DP, Waymouth RM, Prinz FB, et al. Condensing water vapor to droplets generates hydrogen peroxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2020; 117(49):30934‒41. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020158117.

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Thai, Tran Thanh, Nguyen Le Que Lam, Nguyen Thi My Yen, and Ngo Xuan Quang. "Correlation between Oxygen Demand of Nematode Communities with Dissolved Oxygen in the Organic Shrimp Farming Ponds, Ca Mau Province." VNU Journal of Science: Natural Sciences and Technology 34, no.1 (March23, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.25073/2588-1140/vnunst.4717.

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Dissolved oxygen (DO), total biomass and oxygen demand of nematode communities in the organic shrimp farms located in Tam Giang commune, Nam Can District, Ca Mau province were investigated in three seasons (March-dry, July-transfer and November-wet season) of 2015. The results showed that most of DO values were within permissible limits. However, the frequency distributions of DO values are very compressed at the lower limit of their scale. Total dry biomass varied from 24.77 to 937.04 µgC/10cm2 while oxygen demand ranged from 3467.39 to 64288.50 nlO2/day/10cm2. These values were slightly high when compared to other studies in the world. The following results recorded that the negatively correlation between DO and oxygen demand of nematode communities in the organic shrimp farms. This may well suggest that respiration and metabolic of nematode communities was high and their impact on oxygen dissolved in surface water. Keywords Biomass, dissolved oxygen, Ca Mau, nematode communities, organic shrimp farms, oxgen demand References [1]. P. N. Hong, H. T. San, Mangroves of Vietnam 7 (1993) IUCN.[2]. T. Nga, Hệ thống rừng-tôm trong phát triển bền vững vùng ven biển đồng bằng sông Cửu Long. Tạp chí Khoa học Trường Đại học Cần Thơ 10 (2008) 6.[3]. Thai agricutural standard (TAS), Organic marine shrimp farming, Royal Gazette 124 (2007) Section 78E.[4]. T. T. Thai, N. T. My Yen, N. Tho, N. X. Quang, Meiofauna in the mangrove–shrimp farms ponds, Ca Mau province. Journal of Science and Technology 55(2017) 271.[5]. L. Marte, The Food and Feeding Habit of Penaeus Monodon Fabricius Collected From Makato River, Aklan, Philippines (Decapoda Natantia) 1, Crustaceana 38(1980) 225.[6]. N. Majdi, W. Traunspurger, Free-living nematodes in the freshwater food web: a review, Journal of nematology 47 (2015) 28.[7]. M. C. Austen, Natural nematode communities are useful tools to address ecological and applied questions, Nematology Monographs and Perspectives 2 (2004) 1.[8]. F. Boufahja, H. Beyrem, N. Essid, J. Amorri, E. Mahmoudi, P. Aissa, Morphometry, energetics and diversity of free-living nematodes from coasts of Bizerte lagoon (Tunisia): an ecological meaning, Cahiers de biologie marine 48 (2007) 121.[9]. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural development, 2016. https://tongcucthuysan.gov.vn/en-us/aquaculture/doc-tin/006222/2016-10-28/ca-mau-set-outs-to-become-viet-nams-largest-shrimp-hub. Truy cập ngày 14/8/2017.[10]. M. Vincx, Meiofauna in marine and freshwater sediments, In G. S. Hall (Ed.), Methods for the examination of organismal diversity in soils and sediments Wallinfort, UK, 1996.[11]. A. T. De Grisse, Redescription ou modifications de quelques technique utilis [a] es dan l'etude des n [a] ematodes phytoparasitaires (1969).[12]. R.M. Warwick, H.M. Platt, P.J. Somerfield, Free living marine nematodes. Part III. Monhysterids. The Linnean Society of London and the Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association, London 1988.[13]. Zullini, The Identification manual for freshwater nematode genera, Lecture book, MSc Nematology Ghent University 2005.[14]. N. V. Thanh, Giun tròn sống tự do Monhysterida, Araeolaimida, Chromadorida, Rhabditida, Enoplida, Mononchida, Dorylaimida. Động vật chí Việt Nam. Hà Nội: Nhà xuât ba̓n khoa học và kỹ thuật, 22, 2007 455. [15]. J. Vanaverbeke, T.N. Bezerra, U. Braeckman, A. De Groote, N. De Meester, T. Deprez, S. Derycke, K. Guilini, F. Hauquier, L. Lins, T. Maria, T. Moens, E. Pape, N. Smol, , M. Taheri, J. Van Campenhout, A. Vanreusel, X. Wu, M. Vincx, (2015)NeMys: World Database of Free-Living Marine Nematodes. Accessed at http://nemys.ugent.be on 2017.[16]. H. M. Platt, R. M. Warwick, Freeliving marine nematodes. Part 1: British enoplids. Pictorial key to world genera and notes for the identification of British species. Cambridge University Press, for the Linnean Society of London and the Estuarine and Brackish-water Sciences Association 1983.[17]. Andrassy I The determination of volume and weight of nematodes, Acta Zoologica 2 (1956) 1.[18]. J. Vanaverbeke, P. M. Arbizu, H. U. Dahms, H. K. Schminke,. The metazoan meiobenthos along a depth gradient in the Arctic Laptev Sea with special attention to nematode communities, Polar Biology 18 (1997) 391.[19]. K. Soetaert, J. Vanaverbeke, C. Heip, P. M. Herman, J. J. Middelburg, A. Sandee, G. Duineveld, Nematode distribution in ocean margin sediments of the Goban Spur (northeast Atlantic) in relation to sediment geochemistry, Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 44 (1997) 1671.[20]. D.J. Crisp Methods of the study of marine benthos (N.A. Holme & A.D. McIntyre eds), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1971 197. [21]. N. Smol, K. A. Willems, J. C. Govaere, A. J. J. Sandee, Composition, distribution and biomass of meiobenthos in the Oosterschelde estuary (SW Netherlands). In The Oosterschelde Estuary (The Netherlands): a Case-Study of a Changing Ecosystem, Springer Netherlands (1994) 197. [22]. H. Dye, An Ecophysiological Study of the Meiofauna of the Swartkops Estuary, African Zoology 13(1978) 1.[23]. Van Damme, R. Herman, Y. Sharma, M. Holvoet, P. Martens, Benthic studies of the Southern Bight of the North Sea and its adjacent continental estuaries, Progress Report II. Fluctuations of the meiobenthic communities in the Westerschelde estuary. ICES. CM/L, 23 (1980) 131.[24]. Q. X. Ngo, C. Nguyen Ngoc, A. Vanreusel, Nematode morphometry and biomass patterns in relation to community characteristics and environmental variables in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 62 (2014) 501.[25]. J. M. Whetstone, G. D. Treece, C. L. Browdy, A. D. Stokes, Opportunities and constraints in marine shrimp farming, South Regional Aquaculture Center 2002.

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Brunetto, Juliana Lujan, Marcio Campaner, Caroline de Freitas Jorge, Letícia Cerri Mazza, Sandro Basso Bitencourt, Adriane Boaventura Chiorlin, Ricardo Shibayama, and Aldiéris Alves Pesqueira. "Reabilitação estética anterior associando prótese metalocerâmica e prótese fixa metal-free: relato de caso." ARCHIVES OF HEALTH INVESTIGATION 8, no.1 (April22, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.21270/archi.v8i1.3249.

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Devido a evolução dos sistemas cerâmicos, atualmente, são permitidas inúmeras associações de materiais restauradores. Entretanto, mimetizar as características visuais das próteses livres de metal com próteses metalocerâmica permanece um desafio. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar o caso clínico de substituição de próteses desadaptadas, homogeneizando próteses parciais fixas livres de metal e metalocerâmicas dento e implantossuportadas, após cirurgia periodontal. O paciente de 55 anos, gênero masculino, compareceu à Clínica de Prótese Parcial Fixa, da Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba – FOA/UNESP em 2017 queixando-se dos seus dentes anteriores estarem “feios” e com a “raiz aparecendo”. No exame clínico foi constatada recessão gengival nos elementos 11 e 13, os quais continham uma prótese parcial fixa de três elementos metalocerâmicas desadaptada, prótese sobre implante nos elementos 21 e 22, que apresentavam-se desadaptadas e com estética desfavorável. No exame radiográfico pôde-se observar a presença de um núcleo metálico fundido nos elementos 11 e 13. Foi proposto, então, a confecção de coroas totais livres de metal nos elementos anteriores superiores (13, 12, 11, 21 e 23) e coroa metalocerâmica para o elemento 22. Para isso, foi realizado enceramento diagnóstico inicial e, após o consentimento do paciente, foi efetuada a remoção das próteses antigas. Com a remoção, visualizamos uma depressão na vestibular do rebordo na área do 12 (ausente), solucionado com um enxerto gengival subepitelial. Após a realização dos preparos dentários e moldagem com silicone de adição as peças foram confeccionadas com sistema e.max Ceram (Ivoclar Vivadent). Após a prova estética e ajustes oclusais iniciais, as peças foram preparadas para cimentação resinosa com o sistema Variolink® N (Ivoclar Vivadent). O cimento transparente foi selecionado previamente por meio de provas com o kit Try-In. Conclui-se que, apesar da disparidade dos materiais, é possível mimetizá-los e oferecer resultados reabilitadores suficientemente estéticos e satisfatórios.Descritores: Implantação Dentária; Estética Dentária; Materiais Dentários.ReferênciasCardenas AFM, Mora CAP, Siqueira FSF, Parreiras SO, Gomes JC. Restabelecimento estético de um sorriso envelhecido: Caso clínico. Revista APCD de Estética. 2015;3(1):42-52.Strasding M, Fehmer V, Pjetursson BE, Sailer I. Extending the service life of existing dental restorations with esthetic and functional limitations. J Prosthet Dent. 2018;119(6):893-96.Koidou VP, Rosenstiel SF, Rashid RG. Celebrity smile esthetics assessment: Smile angulation. J Prosthet Dent, 2017;117(5):636-41.Levin, EI. Dental esthetics and the golden proportion. J Prosthet Dent. 1978;40(3):244-52.Flores-Mir C, Silva E, Barriga MI, Lagravere MO, Major PW. Lay person's perception of smile aesthetics in dental and facial views. J Orthod. 2004;31(3):204-9.Cotrim, ER, Vasconcelos Júnior, ÁV, Haddad, ACSS, Reis SAB. Perception of adults' smile esthetics among orthodontists, clinicians and laypeople. Dental Press J. Orthod. 2015;20(1):40-4.Chaudhari A, Bagga DK, Agrawal P, Kalra H, Sirohi D. An assessment of the self-satisfying smile among different professionals. J Int Oral Health. 2018;10(3):111-14.Papaspyridakos P, Chen CJ, Singh M, Weber HP, Gallucci GO. Success criteria in implant dentistry: a systematic review. J Dent Res. 2012;91(3):242-48.Bonfante EA, Suzuki M, Lorenzoni FC, Sena LA, Hirata R, Bonfante G et al. Probability of survival of implant-supported metal ceramic and CAD/CAM resin nanoceramic crowns. Dent Mater J. 2015;31(8):e168-77.Egilmez F, Ergun G, Cekic-Nagas I, Bozkaya S. Implant-supported hybrid prosthesis: conventional treatment method for borderline cases. Eur J Dent. 2015;9(3):442-48.Schweitzer DM, Goldstein GR, Ricci JL, Silva NR, Hittelman EL. Comparison of bond strength of a pressed ceramic fused to metal versus feldspathic porcelain fused to metal. J Prosthodont. 2005;14(4):239-47.Venkatachalam B, Goldstein GR, Pines MS, Hittelman EL. Ceramic pressed to metal versus feldspathic porcelain fused to metal: a comparative study of bond strength. Int J Prosthodont. 2009;22(1):94-100.Holden JE, Goldstein GR, Hittelman EL, Clark EA. Comparison of the marginal fit of pressable ceramic to metal ceramic restorations. J Prosthodont. 2009;18: 645-48.Sinhori BS, de Andrada MAC, Lopes GC, Monteiro Junior S, Baratieri LN. Influence of Teeth Preparation Finishing on the Adaptation of Lithium Disilicate Crowns. Int J Biomater. 2017; ID 2078526.Hoppen LRC, Garbin CA, Rigo L, Schuh C, FederizzI L. Comparação estética entre coroas confeccionadas com os sistemas Cubo e metalocerâmico. Rev Sul-Bras Odontol. 2010;7(2):146-53.Mazur CE, Machado CT, Malheiros Pfau VJ, Augusto Pfau, E. Planejamento multidisciplinar na reconstrução do sorriso. JCDR. 2017; 14(2):62-70.Zuhr O, Bäumer D, Hürzeler M The addition of soft tissue replacement grafts in plastic periodontal and implant surgery: critical elements in design and execution. J Clin Periodontol. 2014;41(Suppl15):S123-42.Consolaro A. Saucerização: um mecanismo natural de adaptação peri-implantar cervical. Dental Press Implantol, 2014;8(4):8-15.Nealon FH. Acrylic restorations by the operative nonpressure procedure. J Prosthet Dent. 1952;2(4):513-27.Newman MG, Takei H, Klokkevold PR, Carranza FA. Periodontia clínica. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier Brasil; 2007. p.926-35.Raetzke PB. Covering localized areas of root exposure employing the “envelope” technique. J Periodontol. 1985;56(7):397-402.Hannah R, Ramani P, Sherlin HJ, Ranjith G, Ramasubramanian A, Jayaraj G et al. Awareness about the use, ethics and scope of dental photography among undergraduate dental students dentist behind the lens. RJPT. 2018; 11(3):1012-16.Alberton SB, Alberton V, Carvalho RV. Providing a harmonious smile with laminate veneers for a patient with peg-shaped lateral incisors. J Conserv Dent. 2017;20(3):210-13.Vervaeke S, Matthys C, Nassar R, Christiaens V, Cosyn J, De Bruyn H. Adapting the vertical position of implants with a conical connection in relation to soft tissue thickness prevents early implant surface exposure: A 2‐year prospective intra‐subject comparison. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45(5):605-12.Anusavice K, Shen C, Rawls HR. Dental casting and soldering alloys. In: Anusavice KJ, Phillips’ Science of Dental Material. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2003. p.563–620.Arinc H. Implant-supported fixed partial prostheses with different prosthetic materials: a three-dimensional finite element stress analysis. Implant Dent. 2018;27(3):303-10.Monnet-Corti V, Antezack A, Pignoly M. Comment parfaire l’esthétique du sourire: toujours en rose! Orthod Fr. 2018;89(1):71-80.Tonetti MS, Cortellini P, Graziani F, Cairo F, Lang NP, Abundo R et al. Immediate versus delayed implant placement after anterior single tooth extraction: the timing randomized controlled clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol. 2017;44(2):215-24.Pradeep AR, Karthikeyan BV. Peri-implant papilla reconstruction: Realities and limitations. J Periodontol. 2006; 77(3):534-44.Nariman RH, Pai UY, Soumya MK, Hegde R. A clinical assessment of the volume of interproximal papilla after definitive prosthesis around immediate and delayed loading implants placed in the maxillary esthetic zone: An in vivo study. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2018;18(2):168-73.Neves FDD, Silveira-Júnior CD, Coró V, Silva-Neto JP, Simamoto-Júnior PC, Prado CJD. Gingival conditioning in an implant-supported prosthesis: a clinical report. J Oral Implantol. 2013;39(4):483-85.

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Henley, Nadine. "Free to Be Obese in a ‘Super Nanny State’?" M/C Journal 9, no.4 (September1, 2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.2651.

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“Live free or die!” (New Hampshire State motto) Should individuals be free to make lifestyle decisions (such as what, when and how much to eat and how much physical activity to take), without undue interference from the state, even when their decisions may lead to negative consequences (obesity, heart disease, diabetes)? The UN Declaration of Human Rights enshrines the belief that “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights”. The philosophy of Libertarianism (Locke) proposes that rights can be negative (e.g. the freedom to be free from outside interference) as well as positive (e.g. the right to certain benefits supplied by others). Robert Nozick, a proponent of Libertarianism, has argued that we have the right to make informed decisions about our lives without unnecessary interference. This entitlement requires that we exercise our rights only as far as they do not infringe the rights of others. The popular notion of the “Nanny State” (often used derogatively) is discussed, and the metaphor is extended to draw on the Super Nanny phenomenon, a reality television series that has been shown in numerous countries including the UK, the US, and Australia. It is argued in this paper that social marketing, when done well, can help create a “Super Nanny State” (implying positive connotations). In the “Nanny State” people are told what to do; in the “Super Nanny State” people are empowered to make healthier decisions. Social marketing applies commercial marketing principles to “sell” ideas (rather than goods or services) with the aim of improving the welfare of individuals and/or society. Where the common good may not be easily discerned, Donovan and Henley recommended using the UN Declaration of Human Rights as the baseline reference point. Social marketing is frequently used to persuade individuals to make healthier lifestyle decisions such as “eat less [saturated] fat”, “eat two fruits and five veg a day”, “find thirty minutes of physical activity a day”. Recent medical gains in immunisation, sanitation and treating infectious diseases mean that the health of a population can now be more improved by influencing lifestyle decisions than by treating illness (Rothschild). Social marketing activities worldwide are directed at influencing lifestyle decisions to prevent or minimise lifestyle diseases. “Globesity” is the new epidemic (Kline). Approximately one billion people globally are overweight or obese (compared to 850 million who are underweight); most worryingly, about 10% of children worldwide are now overweight or obese with rising incidence of type 2 diabetes in this population (Yach, Stuckler, and Brownwell). “Nanny state” is a term people often use derogatively to refer to government intervention (see Henley and Jackson). Knag (405) made a distinction between old-style, authoritarian “paternalism”, which chastised the individual using laws and sanctions, and a newer “maternalism” or “nanny state” which smothers the individual with “education and therapy (or rather, propaganda and regulation)”. Knag’s use of the term “Nanny State” still has pejorative connotations. In the “Nanny State”, governments are seen as using the tool of social marketing to tell people what they should and shouldn’t do, as if they were children being supervised by a nanny. At the extreme, people may be afraid that social marketing could be used by the State as a way to control the thoughts of the vulnerable, a view expressed some years ago by participants in a survey of attitudes towards social marketing (Laczniak, Lusch, and Murphy). More recently, the debate is more likely to focus on why social marketing often appears to be ineffective, rather than frighteningly effective (Hastings, Stead, and Macintosh). Another concern is the high level of fear being generated by much of the social marketing effort (Hastings and MacFadyen; Henley). It is as if nanny thinks she must scream at her children all the time to warn them that they will die if they don’t listen to her. However, by extension, I am suggesting that the “Super Nanny State” metaphor could have positive associations, with an authoritative (rather than authoritarian) parenting figure, one who explains appropriate sanctions (laws and regulations) but who is also capable of informing, inspiring and empowering. Still, the Libertarian ethical viewpoint would question whether governments, through social marketers, have the right to try to influence people’s lifestyle decisions such as what and how much to eat, how much to exercise, etc. In the rise of the “Nanny State”, Holt argued that governments are extending the range of their regulatory powers, restricting free markets and intruding into areas of personal responsibility, all under the guise of acting for the public’s good. A number of arguments, discussed below, can be proposed to justify interference by the State in the lifestyle decisions of individuals. The Economic Argument One argument that is often quoted to justify interference by the State is that the economic costs of allowing unsafe/unhealthy behaviours have to be borne by the community. It has been estimated in the US that medical costs relating to diabetes (which is associated directly with obesity) increased from $44 billion to $92 billion in five years (Yach, et al). The economic argument can be useful for persuading governments to invest in prevention but is not sufficient as a fundamental justification for interference. If we say that we want people to eat more healthily because their health costs will be burdensome to the community, we imply that we would not ask them to do so if their health costs were not burdensome, even if they were dying prematurely as a result. The studies relating to the economic costs of obesity have not been as extensive as those relating to the economic costs of tobacco (Yach, et al), where some have argued that prematurely dying of smoking-related diseases is less costly to the State than the costs incurred in living to old age (Barendregt, et al). This conclusion has been disputed (Rasmussen et al), but even if true, would not provide sufficient justification to cease tobacco control efforts. Similarly, I think people would expect social marketing efforts relating to nutrition and physical activity to continue even if an economic analysis showed that people dying prematurely from obesity-related illnesses were costing the State less overall in health care costs than people living an additional twenty years. The Consumer Protection Argument Some degree of interference by the State is desirable and often necessary because people are not entirely self-reliant in every circumstance (Mead). The social determinants of health (Marmot and Wilkinson) are sufficiently well-understood to justify government regulation to reduce inequalities in housing, education, access to health services, etc. Implicit in the criticism that the “Nanny State” treats people like children is the assumption that children are treated without dignity and respect. The positive parent or “Super Nanny” treats children with respect but recognises their vulnerability in unfamiliar or dangerous contexts. A survey of opinion in the UK in 2004 by the King’s Fund, an independent think tank, found that the public generally supported government initiatives to encourage healthier school meals; ensure cheaper fruit and vegetables; pass laws to limit salt, fat and sugar in foods; stop advertising junk foods for children and regulate for nutrition labels on food (UK public wants a “Nanny State”). The UK’s recently established National Social Marketing Centre has made recommendations for social marketing strategies to improve public health and Prime Minister Tony Blair has responded by making public health, especially the growing obesity problem, a central issue for government initiatives, offering a “helping hand” approach (Triggle). The Better Alternative Argument Wikler considered the case for more punitive government intervention in the obesity debate by weighing the pros and cons of an interesting strategy: the introduction of a “fat tax” that would require citizens to be weighed and, if found to be overweight, require them to pay a surcharge. He concluded that this level of state interference would not be justified because there are other ways to appeal to the risk-taker’s autonomy, through education and therapeutic efforts. Governments can use social marketing as one of these better alternatives to punitive sanctions. The Level Playing Field Argument Social marketers argue that many lifestyle behaviours are not entirely voluntary (O’Connell and Price). For example, it is argued that an individual’s choices about eating fast food, consuming sweetened soft drinks, and living sedentary lives have already been partially determined by commercial efforts. Thus, they argue that social marketing efforts are intended to level the playing field – educate, inform, and restore true personal autonomy to people, enabling them to make rational choices (Smith). For example, Kline’s media education program in Canada, with a component of “media risk reduction”, successfully educated young consumers (elementary school children) with strategies for “tuning out” by asking them to come up with a plan for what they would do if they “turned off TV, video games and PCs for a whole week?” (p. 249). The “tune out challenge” resulted in a reduction of media exposure (80%) displaced into active leisure pursuits. A critical aspect of this intervention was the contract drawn up in advance, with the children setting their own goals and strategies (Kline). In this view, the state is justified in trying to level the playing field, by using social marketing to offer information as well as alternative, healthier choices that can be freely accepted or rejected (Rothschild). Conclusion A real concern is that when people are treated like children, they become like children, retaining their desires and appetites but abdicating responsibility for their individual choices to the state (Knag). Some smokers, for example, declare that they will continue to smoke until the government bans smoking (Brown). Governments and social marketers have a responsibility to fund/design campaigns so that the audience views the message as informative rather than proscriptive. Joffe and Mindell (967) advocated the notion of a “canny state” with “less reliance on telling people what to do and more emphasis on making healthy choices easier”. Finally, one of the central tenets of marketing is the concept of “exchange” – the marketer must identify the benefits to be gained from buying a product. In social marketing terms, interference in an individual’s right to act freely can be effective and justified when the benefits are clearly identifiable and credible. Rothschild described marketing’s role as providing a middle point between libertarianism and paternalism, offering free choice and incentives to behave in ways that benefit the common good. Rather than shaking a finger at the individual (along the lines of earlier “Don’t Do Drugs” campaigns), the “Super Nanny” state, via social marketing, can inform and engage individuals in ways that make healthier choices more appealing and the individual feel more empowered to choose them. References Barendregt, J.J., L. Bonneux, O.J. van der Maas. “The Health Care Costs of Smoking.” New England Journal of Medicine 337.15 (1997): 1052-7. Brown, D. Depressed Men: Angry Women: Non-Stereotypical Gender Responses to Anti-Smoking Messages in Older Smokers. Unpublished Masters dissertation, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, 2001. Donovan, R., and N. Henley. Social Marketing: Principles and Practice. Melbourne: IP Communications, 2003. Joffe, M., and J. Mindell. “A Tentative Step towards Healthy Public Policy.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 58 (2004): 966-8. Hastings, G.B., and L. MacFadyen. “The Limitations of Fear Messages.” Tobacco Control 11 (2002): 73-5. Hastings, G.B., M. Stead, and A.M. Macintosh. “Rethinking Drugs Prevention: Radical Thoughts from Social Marketing.” Health Education Journal 61.4 (2002): 347-64. Henley, N. “You Will Die! Mass Media Invocations of Existential Dread.” M/C Journal 5.1 (2002). 1 May 2006 http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0203/youwilldie.php>. Henley, N., and J. Jackson. “Is It ‘Too Bloody Late’? Older People’s Response to the National Physical Activity Guidelines.” Journal of Research for Consumers 10 (2006). 7 Aug. 2006 <http://www.jrconsumers.com/_data/page/3180/ NPAGs_paper_consumer_version_may_06.pdf>. Holt, T. The Rise of the Nanny State: How Consumer Advocates Try to Run Our Lives. US: Capital Research Centre, 1995. Kline, S. “Countering Children’s Sedentary Lifestyles: An Evaluative Study of a Media-Risk Education Approach.” Childhood 12.2 (2005): 239-58. Knag, S. “The Almighty, Impotent State: Or, the Crisis of Authority.” Independent Review 1.3 (1997): 397-413. Laczniak, G.R., R.F. Lusch, and P. Murphy. “Social Marketing: Its Ethical Dimensions.” Journal of Marketing 43 (Spring 1979): 29-36. Locke, J. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Ed. J.W. Yolton. London: J.M. Dent & Sons, 1690/1961. Marmot, M.G., and R.G. Wilkinson, R.G., eds. Social Determinants of Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Mead, L. “Telling the Poor What to Do.” Public Interest 6 Jan. 1998. 1 May 2006 <http://www.polisci.wisc.edu/~soss/Courses/PA974/Readings/week%208/Mead_1998.pdf>. National Social Marketing Centre. It’s Our Health! Realising the Potential of Effective Social Marketing. Summary Report. 7 Aug. 2006 http://www.nsms.org.uk/images/CoreFiles/NCCSUMMARYItsOurHealthJune2006.pdf>. Nozick, R. Anarchy, State and Utopia. New York: Basic Books, 1974. O’Connell, J.K., and J.H. Price. “Ethical Theories for Promoting Health through Behavioral Change.” Journal of School Health 53.8 (1983): 476-9. Rasmussen, S.R., E. Prescott, T.I.A. Sorensen, and J. Sogaard. “The Total Lifetime Costs of Smoking”. European Journal of Public Health 14 (2004): 95-100. Rothschild, M. “Carrots, Sticks, and Promises: A Conceptual Framework for the Management of Public Health and Social Issue Behaviors.” Journal of Marketing 63.4 (1999): 24-37. Smith, A. “Setting a Strategy for Health.” British Medical Journal 304.6823 (8 Feb. 1992): 376-9. Triggle, N. “From Nanny State to a Helping Hand”. BBC News 25 July 2006. 9 Aug. 2006 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/5214276.stm>. “UK Public Wants a ‘Nanny State’”. BBC News 28 June 2004. 9 Aug. 2006 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3839447.stm>. United Nations, Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 18 Sep. 2001 http://www.unhchr.ch/udhr/lang/eng.htm>. Wikler, D. “Persuasion and Coercion for Health: Ethical Issues in Government Efforts to Change Life-Styles.” Millbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, Health and Society 56.3 (1978): 303-38. Yach, D., D. Stuckler, and K.D. Brownwell. “Epidemiological and Economic Consequences of the Global Epidemics of Obesity and Diabetes.” Nature Medicine 12.1 (2006): 62-6. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Henley, Nadine. "Free to Be Obese in a ‘Super Nanny State’?." M/C Journal 9.4 (2006). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0609/6-henley.php>. APA Style Henley, N. (Sep. 2006) "Free to Be Obese in a ‘Super Nanny State’?," M/C Journal, 9(4). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0609/6-henley.php>.

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Thompson, Jay Daniel. "Porn Sucks: The Transformation of Germaine Greer?" M/C Journal 19, no.4 (August31, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1107.

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Introduction In a 1984 New York Times interview, Germaine Greer discussed the quite different views that have surrounded her supposed attitude towards sex. As she put it, “People seem to think I'm Hugh Hefner and that the reason women started having sex is because I told them to” (qtd. in De Lacy). This view had, however, shifted by the 1980s. As she told reporter Justine De Lacy, “Now they are saying that I'm against sex.” In this article, I tease out Greer’s remarks about the supposed transformation of her political persona. I do so with reference to her work on Suck Magazine, which was billed by its editors as “The First European Sex Paper,” and which was first published in 1969 (cited in Gleeson 86). The article has two key aims. The first is to demonstrate that Greer has not (as it might seem) transformed from a sexual revolutionary to an anti-sex ideologue. This view is too simplistic. The article’s second aim is to explore Greer’s significant but under-acknowledged contribution to feminist debates about pornography. Far from being strictly anti- or pro-porn, Greer’s work on Suck actually aligns with both of these positions, and it appeared before the feminist porn debates really gained traction. Germaine Greer as Sexual Revolutionary and/or Anti-Sex Ideologue? The apparent political transformation that Greer mentioned in 1984 has been particularly apparent since the 1990s. Since that decade, she has criticised pornography on several occasions. For example, in her book The Whole Woman (1999), Greer argued, “Pornography is the flight from woman, men’s denial of sex as a medium of communication . . .” (181). In an article published in The Guardian in 2000, Greer wrote, “Can [pornography] go too far? No, it can't. As far as male sexual fantasy is concerned there is no too far.” In a 2012 episode of the Australian current affairs program Q&A, Greer argued, “Pornography is the advertisement of prostitution.”Greer’s stance on pornography, and particularly her invocation of female sexual subordination, might seem to represent a radical shift from the political persona that she cultivated during the 1960s and 1970s. During that earlier period, Greer was arguing for female sexual empowerment. She posed nude for Suck. In 1971, the US magazine Life described Greer as a “saucy feminist that even men like” (qtd. in Wallace, unpaginated photograph). There is nothing “saucy” about her more recent anti-porn posture; this posture is not concerned with “empowerment” in any obvious way. Yet I would suggest that Greer at least anticipated this posture in her work on Suck. In that magazine, she did not frame sex as being entirely emancipatory. Rather, Greer argued for sexual liberation (particularly for women), but (in doing so) she also invoked the hierarchical gender roles that would later be invoked in anti-porn feminist arguments. Examining some of Greer’s contributions to Suck will make clear the important contribution that she has made to feminist debates about pornography. These are debates which she has not generally been associated with, or at least not to the extent that Andrea Dworkin and Catharine A. MacKinnon (both US feminists who have very publicly remonstrated against porn) have (see Dworkin; MacKinnon and Dworkin). The feminist porn debates gained ascendance during the late 1970s and early 1980s, and seem to have been liveliest in North America (see Bronstein; Duggan and Hunter; MacKinnon and Dworkin). These debates are significant because of what they say about the truly complex and contentious relationship between sex, gender, power, and representation. The feminist porn debates have been broad-ranging (Sullivan and McKee 10), though they tend to have been framed as polarised conflicts between anti-pornography feminists and “sex-positive”/“anti-censorship” feminists. For anti-pornography feminists, pornography always symptomatises and perpetuates gender hierarchy. Andrea Dworkin famously defined “pornography” as the graphic, sexually explicit subordination of women in pictures and/or words that also includes women presented dehumanized as sexual objects, things, or commodities; or women presented as sexual objects who enjoy pain or humiliation; or women presented as sexual objects who experience sexual pleasure in being raped; or women presented as sexual objects tied up or cut up or mutilated or bruised or physically hurt; or women presented in postures or positions of sexual submission, servility, or display; or women’s body parts—including but not limited to vaginas, breasts, buttocks—exhibited such that women are reduced to those parts; or women presented as whores by nature . . . (xxxiii) Conversely, sex-positive/anti-censorship feminists tend to assess pornography “on a case by case basis”; porn can range from woman-hating to politically progressive (McKee, Albury, and Lumby 22). For these feminists, attempts to legislate against pornography (for example, via the anti-porn ordinance drawn up in the US during the 1980s by Dworkin and MacKinnon) amount to censorship, and are not in the interest of women, feminism, or sexual liberation (Duggan and Hunter 29–39; and see also MacKinnon and Dworkin). Among the most striking aspects of Greer’s work on Suck is that it actually mobilises aspects of both these (loosely-defined) feminist positions, and appeared almost a decade before pornography became an issue of contention amongst feminists. This work was published not in North America, but in Europe; the Australian-born Greer was living in the United Kingdom at the time of that magazine’s publication, and indeed she has been described as “Britain’s . . . most well-known feminist” (Taylor 759; and see also Gleeson). Does Porn Suck? Greer co-founded Suck in 1969, the year before The Female Eunuch was published. Greer had already established a minor public profile through her journalistic contributions to the London-based Oz Magazine. Several of those contributions were written under the guise of “Dr G—the only groupie with a Ph.D in captivity,” and featured references to “groupiedom” and “cunt power” (qtd. in Gleeson 86). Suck was published in Amsterdam to circumvent “British censorship laws” (Wallace 15). The magazine was very much a product of the then-current sexual revolution, as suggested by the following passage from a 1971 editorial: “Our cause is sexual liberation. Our tactic is the defiance of censorship” (University of Melbourne Archives). Suck comprised sexually-explicit imagery (for example, nudity and shots of (hetero)sexual penetration) and similarly explicit articles. These articles are furnished with the vivid, deliberately provocative prose for which Greer is renowned.In some articles, Greer argues that women’s acceptance of their bodies constitutes a rebellion against patriarchy. In a 1971 article, she writes, “Primitive man feared the vagina . . . as the most magical of magical orifices of the body” (University of Melbourne Archives). The title of this piece is “Lady Love Your Cunt,” and indicates Greer’s view that patriarchal fears—or, as she puts it, the fears of “primitive man”—have contributed to stigma that has surrounded the vagina. Greer concludes thus: “Why not send a photograph of your own cunt, with your names labelled on?” (Whether any readers responded to this invitation remains unclear.) In “Bounce Titty Bounce,” she describes a “Mafia that controls the shapes of [women’s] bodies” (University of Melbourne Archives). This control is particularly evident in the brassiere, which Greer calls “a muzzle, a mask, binding joys and desires with wire and rubber and nylon and clips and cotton.” In a 1970 article entitled “Ladies get on top for better orgasms,” Greer opens with the statement: “The prevalence of the missionary position of fucking in the Western World [sic] seems to mean a widespread unfairness in sex.” She elaborates: Even if women were not . . . slighter than men, the missionary position would have little to commend it. The hands of the man are not free to play with his lover’s breasts or clitoris . . . because he must support himself, at least partially by them . . . The male ismin [sic] full control. Greer concedes that the “female on top position is perhaps the least popular of the alternatives to the missionary position.” The “female on top” position does, however, have advantages for women, one being that a woman “can arrive at a position to accept the cock without having to take her weight on her hands.” Greer’s best-known contribution to Suck is a selection of nude photographs that were published in a 1971 edition. In one shot, Greer is lying on her back, her legs behind her ears, her anus directly in front of the camera. In another shot, she is positioned in the same manner, although her anus and vagina are more central within the frame. In both shots, Greer is gazing directly into the camera and smiling. On one level, the textual and photographic examples described above—and, in fact, the very publication of Suck—suggest a rebellion against sexual repression. This rebellion was characteristic of the sexual revolution (Gleeson 86). Yet, in advocating female sexual empowerment, Greer distanced herself from the masculine bias of that movement. In her 1984 New York Times interview, Greer was quoted as saying that “. . . the sexual revolution never happened. Permissiveness happened, and that’s no better than repressiveness, because women are still being manipulated by men” (qtd. in De Lacy). Here, she anticipates arguments (e.g. Jeffreys) that the sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s actually sanctioned (heterosexual) male desire and men’s sexual access to women. In Suck, then, Greer argued that women need to liberate themselves sexually, and not only be seen as instruments for male sexual liberation. Greer did pose nude, but, in doing so, she stared back into the camera/at the spectator—thus returning the gaze, rather than being objectified by this gaze (Mulvey). Greer has described her shots thus: “Face, pubes and anus, nothing decorative about it. Nothing sexy about it either. Confrontation was the name of the game” (qtd. in Gleeson 86). In 2013, Greer wrote of that photo shoot: “Women’s bodies were merchandised. Each week we saw a little more: nipples, then pussy . . . drip-feeding the masturbation fantasies of a [male] generation. My gesture aimed to short-circuit that process.” She has also been quoted as saying that she envisioned Suck as an “antidote to the exploitative papers like Screw and Hustler,” by “developing a new kind of erotic art, away from the tits ‘n’ ass and the peep show syndrome” (qtd. in Gleeson 86). Thus, Greer’s Suck contributions seem to foreshadow the “sex-positive” feminism that would emerge later in the 1970s in North America (e.g. Duggan and Hunter). Her work would also anticipate feminist uses of porn to explore female sexuality from specifically female and feminist perspectives (see Taormino et al.). A closer examination of these contributions, however, suggests a more complex picture. Witness Greer’s reference to the popularity of “missionary sex” as a reason for “widespread unfairness in sex,” or her description of a (presumably) male-dominated “Mafia” who control women’s bodies (for example, via the bra). In a newspaper interview that was published around the time of The Female Eunuch’s 1970 publication, Greer argued that sex needs to be “rescued” from the patriarchy by feminists. This is because sex under patriarchy has been characterised by the dichotomised positions of “powerful and powerless, masterful and mastered.” In this scenario, women are the ones who are “powerless” and “mastered.” The title of that interview is “Author Attacks Dominating Male” (University of Melbourne Archives).The above statements suggest a sexual landscape characterised by “potentially violent, dominant men and subordinated, silenced women” (Duggan and Hunter 7). In this landscape, sex is a site of gender inequality; and even something as apparently innocuous as underwear is used by men to control women. The pervasive sense of patriarchy invoked here would (as scholars such as Duggan and Hunter have argued) be invoked in much anti-pornography feminist writing. And Greer would go on to concur with the anti-porn stance, as the three pronouncements cited at the beginning of this article attest. (In Suck, Greer does not attempt to define “pornography,” and nor does she classify her contributions as being “pornography” or “anti-pornography.”)ConclusionI have argued that it is useful to revisit some of Germaine Greer’s contributions to Suck Magazine in order to reassess her apparent transformation from sexual revolutionary to anti-sex ideologue. These contributions (which include articles and photographs) are celebrations of female sexual empowerment and critiques of what Greer sees as a pervasive gender hierarchy. I have argued that this work is also useful in that it anticipates the feminist debates about pornography that would gain ascendance in North America almost a decade after Suck’s publication. Greer articulates arguments that would come to be aligned with both “sex-positive” and “anti-pornography” feminist discourses. To this extent, she has made an important and thus far largely unacknowledged contribution to these highly polarised feminist debates. ReferencesBronstein, Carolyn. Battling Pornography: The American Feminist Anti-Pornography Movement, 1976–1986. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2011.De Lacy, Justine. “Germaine Greer’s New Book Stirs a Debate.” The New York Times. 5 Mar. 1984. 21 Oct. 2015 <https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/05/09/specials/greer-debate.html>.Duggan, Lisa, and Nan D. Hunter, eds. “Introduction.” Sex Wars: Sexual Dissent and Political Culture. 10th Anniversary Edition. London: Routledge, 2006. 1–13.Dworkin, Andrea. Pornography: Men Possessing Women. New York: Plume, 1989. Gleeson, Kate. “From Suck Magazine to Corporate Paedophilia: Feminism and Pornograph—Remembering the Australian Way.” Women’s Studies International Forum 38 (2013): 83–96.Greer, Germaine. The Whole Woman. London: Transworld Publishers, 1999. ———. “Gluttons for Porn.” The Guardian 24 Sep. 2000. 21 Oct. 2015 <http://www.theguardian.com/books/2000/sep/24/society>.———. “As Women Bare All in Feminist Protest, Germaine Greer Asks: Is This Feminism?” News.com.au 17 Mar. 2013. 30 July 2016 <http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/as-women-bare-all-in-feminist-protest-germaine-greer-asks-is-this-feminism/story-fneszs56-1226598414628>.Jeffreys, Sheila. Anticlimax: A Feminist Perspective on the Sexual Revolution. London: The Women’s Press, 1990. MacKinnon, Catharine A., and Andrea Dworkin, eds. In Harm’s Way: The Pornography Civil Rights Hearings. Massachusetts: Harvard UP, 1997. McKee, Alan, Katherine Albury, and Catharine Lumby. The Porn Report. Melbourne: Melbourne UP, 2008. Mulvey, Laura. “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema.” Screen 16.3 (1975): 6–18. Q&A. “Politics and Porn in a Post-Feminist World.” First screened 19 Mar. 2012. 20 May 2016 <http://www.abc.net.au/tv/qanda/txt/s3451584.htm>.Suck Magazine. Copies held by Germaine Greer Archive, University of Melbourne. Sullivan, Rebecca, and Alan McKee. Pornography: Structures, Agency and Performance. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2015.Taormino, Tristan, Celine Parrenas Shimizu, Constance Penley, and Mireille Miller-Young, eds. The Feminist Porn Book: The Politics of Producing Pleasure. New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 2013.Taylor, Anthea. “Germaine Greer’s Adaptable Celebrity: Feminism, Unruliness, and Humour on the British Small Screen.” Feminist Media Studies 14.5 (2014): 759–74.University of Melbourne Archives, Germaine Greer archive. Undated. 2014.0038, Unit 216. File name “(Drawer 158) Press clippings about Germaine Greer.” “Author Attacks Dominating Male.” Interview with Germaine Greer. Interviewer and place of publication unknown. Unpaginated. ———. Undated. 2014.0038, Unit 219. File name “Bounce Titty Bounce.” “Bounce Titty Bounce.” Originally published in Suck Magazine. Viewed in unpublished manuscript form. Unpaginated. ———. 1971. 2014.0038, Unit 219. File name “Suck Editorial 1971?” “Editorial.” Suck Magazine. Issue number not provided. Unpaginated. ———. 1971. 2014.0038, Unit 219. File name: “Lady Love Your Cunt Suck.” “Lady Love Your Cunt.” Originally published in Suck Magazine. Viewed in unpublished manuscript form. Unpaginated. ———. Undated. 2014.0038, Unit 219. File name: “Suck Correspondence 73.” Untitled photographs of Germaine Greer. Originally published in Suck Magazine. Unpaginated. Wallace, Christine. Germaine Greer, Untamed Shrew. Sydney: Pan MacMillan, 1997.

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Petiak, Olena. "Associative and Gender Aspects of the Emotional Concept of Jealousy in the Ukrainian Linguistic Culture." East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 7, no.1 (June30, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2020.7.1.pet.

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The article deals with the associative and gender features of the perception by marriage partners of the emotional concept of "jealousy" within the framework of Ukrainian linguistic culture. Associative and gender features of the emotional concept of “jealousy” were found out as a result of data analysis of free word association test held with 100 Ukrainian speaking students, graduate students, and teachers (50 men and 50 women) at Khmelnytskyi National University (Ukraine). The respondents were in official marriage; their age was from 18 to 65. With the help of the free word association test the connections of the concept of "jealousy" in the Ukrainian language consciousness and the semantic zones of this stimulus word were determined. An important step was to take into account the opinions of the researchers regarding the possible difference between manifestations and the emergence of jealousy in men and women. It has been established that the understanding of jealousy by marriage partners occurs through an appeal to color perception. Psycholinguistic ideas about jealousy are manifested in the ambivalence of emotions, the semantic signs of which are the polar properties of “love” (“care”) – “hatred” (“doubt”, “suspicion”). The gender factor affects the structure of the associative field of the concept of "jealousy" and determines both the quantitative indicators in the structure of the organization of the associative field of the concept, as well as its “semantic content”. Qualitative analysis of the results of the free association test helped to form separate fragments of male and female world images in their linguistic consciousness and made it possible to talk about gender stereotypes regarding jealousy in the everyday linguistic consciousness of marriage partners. References Гаврилів О. Непряма вербальна агресія. East European Journal of Psycholinguistics. 2019. Т. 6, № 2. С. 7–20. Изард К. Э. Психология эмоций. Нижний Новгород: Питер, 2002. Ильин Е. П. Эмоции и чувства. C.-Петербург: Питер, 2016. Карзенкова Е. П. Дискурс близких взаимоотношений (как он есть). Проблемы социо- и психолингвистики: Динамика языковых ситуаций. Пермь: Изд-во Перм. ун-та, 2006. С. 181-188. Карзенкова Е. П. Дискурс близких взаимоотношений: любовь как стихия. Проблемы социо- и психолингвистики. Пермь: Изд-во Перм. ун-та, 2006. С. 165-173. Кубрякова Е. С. Начальные этапы становления когнитивизма: лингвистика – психология – когнитивная наука. Вопросы языкознания, 1995. № 4. С. 3-15. Маслоу А. Мотивация и личность. Москва: Питер, 2008 . Мень А. Мировая духовная культура. Нижний. Новгород: Нижегородская ярмарка, 1995. Рубинштейн С. Л. Основы общей психологии. Санкт-Петербург: Питер, 2006. Спиноза Б. О происхождении и природе аффектов. Психология эмоций /под ред. В. К. Вилюнаса, Ю. Б. Гиппенрейтер. Москва: Изд-во Моск. ун-та, 2008. C. 50-62 Стернин И. А. Понятие коммуникативного поведения и проблемы его исследования. Русское и финское коммуникативное поведение. Воронеж: Изд-во ВГТУ, 2003. C. 4-20. Фромм Э. Состояние человека. Москва: Смысл, 1995. Фуко М. Історія сексуальності. Харків : Око, 2000. Хомуленко Т., Кузнецов А. Психолингвистическое значение концепта «вера». Psycholinguistics-Psiholingvistika. 2019. Вип. 25, № 1. С. 338-362. Шевцов А., & Гупаловська В. Психосемантичний зміст поняття сексуальності в мовній свідомості дорослих. Psycholinguistics-Psiholingvistika, 2020, Вип. 27, № 1. С. 310-334. https://doi.org/10.31470/ 2309-1797-2020-27-1-310-334. Юшкова Н. А. Концепт «ревность» в художественной картине мира Ф. М. Достоевского. Житниковские чтения: Межкультурная коммуникация в когнитивном аспекте. Челябинск, 2001, 198-199. Pines A. (1992). Romantic Jealousy: Understanding and Conquering the Shadow of Love. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Kristjansson K. (2002). Justifying Emotions: Pride and Jealousy. L.: Routledge. Lyubimova, S. (2017). Etymological memory of a word in designating sociocultural stereotype. East European Journal of Psycholinguistics, 4(1), 140-149. Terekhova, D. (2018). An experimental study of the lingual consciousness of Ukrainians and Russians (Dynamic aspect). East European Journal of Psycholinguistics, 5(1), 92-110. References (translated and transliterated) Havryliv, O. (2019). Nepriama verbalna agressiya [Indirect verbal aaggression]. East European Journal of Psycholinguistics, 6(2), 7–20. Izard, K. E. (2002). Psikhologiya Emotsii [Psychology of Emotions]. Nizhny Novgorod: Piter, 446. Ilyin, E. P. (2016). Emotsii i Chuvstva [Emotions and Feelings]. S.-Petersburg: Piter. Karzenkova, E. P. (2006). Diskurs blizkikh vzaimootnoshenii (kak on yest) [Discourse of intimate relationships (as it is)]. Problems of Socio- and Psycholinguistics: Dynamics of Linguistic Situations, 181-188. Karzenkova, E. P. (2006). Diskurs blizkikh vzaimootnoshenii: lyobov kak stikhiya [Discourse of intimate relationships: love as the element]. Problems of Socio- and Psycholinguistics, 165-173. Kubryakova, E. S. (1995). The initial stages of the formation of cognitivism: linguistics-psychology-cognitive science. Voprosy Linguistiki, 4, 3-15. Maslow, A. (2008). Motivatsiya i Lichnost [Motivation and Personality]. Moscow: Piter. Men, A. (1995). Mirivaya Dukhovnaya Kultura [World Spiritual Culture]. Nizhny Novgorod: Nizhegorodskaya Yarmarka. Rubinstein, S. L. (2006). Osnovy Obshchey Psikhologii [Fundamentals of General Psychology]. St. Petersburg: Peter, 720. Spinoza, B. (2008). O proiskhozhdenii i prirode affectov [On the origin and nature of affects]. Psychology of Emotions. (pp. 50-62). V. Viliunas, Y. Gippenreiter, (Eds.). Moscow: Moscow University. Sternin, I. A. (2003). Poniatiye kommunikativnogo povedeniya i problem yego issledovaniya [The concept of communicative behavior and the problems of its research]. Russian and Finnish Communicative Behavior. (pp. 4-20). Voronezh: Voronezh University Publishing House. Fromm, E. (1995). Sostoyaniye Cheloveka [The Human Condition]. Moscow: Sense. Foucault, M. (2000). Istoriya Sexualnosti [The History of Sexuality]. Kharkiv: Oko. Khomulenko, T., Kuznetsov, A. (2019). Psycholinguistic meaning of the concept of “Faith”. Psycholinguistics-Psiholingvistika, 25(1), 338-362. https://doi.org/10.31470/2309-1797-2019-25-1-338-362 Shevtsov, A., & Hupalovska, V. (2020). Psychosemantic content of the concept of sexuality in the linguistic consciousness of adults. Psycholinguistics-Psiholingvistika, 27(1), 310-334. https://doi.org/10.31470/2309-1797-2020-27-1-310-334 Yushkova, N. A. (2001). Kontsept “Revnost” v khudozhestvennoy kartine F. M. Dostoevskogo [The concept of “jealousy” in the F. M. Dostoevky’s artistic world image]. Zhitnikovsky Readings: Intercultural Communication in the Cognitive Aspect, 198-199. Pines, A. (1992). Romantic Jealousy: Understanding and Conquering the shadow of love. New York: St. Martin's Press. Kristjansson, K. (2002). Justifying Emotions: Pride and Jealousy. L.: Routledge. Lyubimova, S. (2017). Etymological Memory of a Word in Designating Sociocultural Stereotype. East European Journal of Psycholinguistics, 4(1), 140-149. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.821718. Terekhova, D. (2018). An Experimental Study of the Lingual Consciousness of Ukrainians and Russians (Dynamic Aspect). East European Journal of Psycholinguistics, 5(1), 92-110. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1436306.

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Admin, Admin, and Dr Mustafa Arslan. "Effect of dexmedetomidine on ischemia-reperfusion injury of liver and kidney tissues in experimental diabetes and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury induced rats." Anaesthesia, Pain & Intensive Care, May9, 2019, 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.35975/apic.v0i0.641.

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Background: Reperfusion following ischemia can lead to more injuries than ischemia itself especially in diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in rats with have hepatic IRI and diabetes mellitus. Methodology: Twenty-eight Wistar Albino rats were randomised into four groups as control (C), diabetic (DC), diabetic with hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (DIR), and diabetic but administered dexmedetomidine followed by hepatic IRI (DIRD) groups. Hepatic tissue samples were evaluated histopathologically by semiquantitative methods. Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathion s-transpherase (GST), and catalase (CAT) enzyme levels were investigated in liver and kidney tissues as oxidative state parameters. Results: In Group DIR; hepatocyte degeneration, sinusoidal dilatation, pycnotic nucleus, and necrotic cells were found to be more in rat hepatic tissue; while mononuclear cell infiltration was higher in the parenchyme. MDA levels were significantly lower; but SOD levels were significantly higher in Group DIRD with regard to Group DIR. In the IRI induced diabetic rats’ hepatic and nephrotic tissues MDA levels, showing oxidative injury, were found to be lower. SOD levels, showing early antioxidant activity, were higher. Conclusion: The enzymatic findings of our study together with the hepatic histopathology indicate that dexmedetomidine has a potential role to decrease IRI. Key words: Hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury; Diabetes mellitus; Dexmedetomidine; Rat; MDA; SOD Citation: Sezen SC, Işık B, Bilge M, Arslan M, Çomu FM, Öztürk L, Kesimci E, Kavutçu M. Effect of dexmedetomidine on ischemia-reperfusion injury of liver and kidney tissues in experimental diabetes and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury induced rats. Anaesth Pain & Intensive Care 2016;20(2):143-149 Received: 21 November 2015; Reviewed: 10, 24 December 2015, 9, 10 June 2016; Corrected: 12 December 2015; Accepted: 10 June 2016 INTRODUCTİON Perioperative acute tissue injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion is a comman clinical event caused by reduced blood supply to the tissue being compromised during major surgery. Ischemia leads to cellular injury by depleting cellular energy deposits and resulting in accumulation of toxic metabolites. The reperfusion of tissues that have remained in ischemic conditions causes even more damage.1 Furthermore hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) demonstrates a strong relationship with peri-operative acute kidney injury.2 The etiology of diabetic complications is strongly associated with increased oxidative stress (OS). Diabetic patients are known to have a high risk of developing OS or IRI which results with tissue failure.3 The most important role in ischemia and reperfusion is played by free oxygen radicals.1 In diabetes, characterized by hyperglycemia, even more free oxygen radicals are produced due to oxidation of glucose and glycosylation of proteins.3 The structures which are most sensitive to free oxygen radicals in the cells are membrane lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and deoxyribonucleic acids.1 It has been reported that endogenous antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathion s-transpherase (GST), catalase (CAT)] play an important role to alleviate IRI.4-8 Also some pharmacological agents have certain effects on IRI.1 The anesthetic agents influence endogenous antioxidant systems and free oxygen radical formation.9-12 Dexmedetomidine is a selective α-2 adrenoceptor agonist agent. It has been described as a useful and safe adjunct in many clinical applications. It has been found that it may increase urine output by considerably redistributing cardiac output, inhibiting vasopressin secretion and maintaining renal blood flow and glomerular filtration. Previous studies demonstrated that dexmedetomidine provides protection against renal, focal cerebral, cardiac, testicular, and tourniquet-induced IRI.13-18 Arslan et al observed that dexmedetomidine protected against lipid peroxidation and cellular membrane alterations in hepatic IRI, when given before induction of ischemia.17 Si et al18 demonstrated that dexmedetomidine treatment results in a partial but significant attenuation of renal demage induced by IRI through the inactivation of JAK/STAT signaling pathway in an in vivo model. The efficacy of the dexmedetomidine for IRI in diabetic patient is not resarched yet. The purpose of this experimental study was to evaluate the biochemical and histological effects of dexmedetomidine on hepatic IRI in diabetic rat’s hepatic and renal tissue. METHODOLOGY Animals and Experimental Protocol: This study was conducted in the Physiology Laboratory of Kirikkale University upon the consent of the Experimental Animals Ethics Committee of Kirikkale University. All of the procedures were performed according to the accepted standards of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. In the study, 28 male Wistar Albino rats, weighing between 250 and 300 g, raised under the same environmental conditions, were used. The rats were kept under 20-21 oC at cycles of 12-hour daylight and 12-hour darkness and had free access to food until 2 hours before the anesthesia procedure. The animals were randomly separated into four groups, each containing 7 rats. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, MO, USA) at a dose of 65 mg/kg body weight. The blood glucose levels were measured at 72 hrs following this injection. Rats were classified as diabetic if their fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels exceeded 250 mg/dl, and only animals with FBGs of > 250 mg/dl were included in the diabetic groups (dia­betes only, diabetes plus ischemia-reperfusion and diabetes plus dexmedetomidine-ischemia-reperfusion). The rats were kept alive 4 weeks after streptozotocin injection to allow development of chronic dia­betes before they were exposed to ischemia-reperfusion.(19) The rats were weighed before the study. Rats were anesthetized with intraperitoneal ketamine 100 mg/kg. The chest and abdomen were shaved and each animal was fixed in a supine position on the operating table. The abdomen was cleaned with 1% polyvinyl iodine and when dry, the operating field was covered with a sterile drape and median laparotomy was performed. There were four experimental groups (Group C (sham-control; n = 7), (Group DC (diabetes-sham-control; n = 7), Group DIR (diabetes-ischemia-reperfusion; n = 7), and Group DIRD (diabetes-ischemia-reperfusion-dexmedetomidine; n = 7). Sham operation was performed on the rats in Group C and Group DC. The sham operation consisted of mobilization of the hepatic pedicle only. The rats in this group were sacrificed 90 min after the procedure. Hepatic I/R injury was induced in Groups DIR and DIRD respectively with hepatic pedicle clamping using a vascular clamp as in the previous study of Arslan et al.(17) After an ischemic period of 45 min, the vascular clamp was removed. A reperfusion period was maintained for 45 min. In Group DIRD, dexmedetomidine hydrochloride 100 μg/kg, (Precedex 100 μg/2 ml, Abbott®, Abbott Laboratory, North Chicago, Illinois, USA) was administrated via intraperitoneal route 30 minutes before surgery. All the rats were given ketamine 100 mg/kg intraperitoneally and intracardiac blood samples were obtained. Preserving the tissue integrity by avoiding trauma, liver and renal biopsy samples were obtained. Biochemical Analysis: The liver and renal tissues were first washed with cold deionized water to discard blood contamination and then homogenized in a homogenizer. Measurements on cell contest require an initial preparation of the tissues. The preparation procedure may involve grinding of the tissue in a ground glass tissue blender using a rotor driven by a simple electric motor. The homogenizer as a tissue blender similar to the typical kitchen blender is used to emulsify and pulverize the tissue (Heidolph Instruments GMBH & CO KGDiax 900 Germany®) at 1000 U for about 3 min. After centrifugation at 10,000 g for about 60 min, the upper clear layer was taken. MDA levels were determined using the method of Van Ye et al,(20) based on the reaction of MDA with thiobarbituric acid (TBA). In the TBA test reaction, MDA and TBA react in acid pH to form a pink pigment with an absorption maximum at 532 nm. Arbitrary values obtained were compared with a series of standard solutions (1,1,3,3-tetraethoxypropane). Results were expressed as nmol/mg.protein. Part of the homogenate was extracted in ethanol/chloroform mixture (5/3 v/v) to discard the lipid fraction, which caused interferences in the activity measurements of T-SOD, CAT and GST activities. After centrifugation at 10.000 x g for 60 min, the upper clear layer was removed and used for the T-SOD, CAT, GST enzyme activity measurement by methods as described by Durak et al21, Aebi22 and Habig et al23 respectively. One unit of SOD activity was defined as the enzyme protein amount causing 50% inhibition in NBTH2 reduction rate and result were expressed in U/mg protein. The CAT activity method is based on the measurement of absorbance decrease due to H2O2 consumption at 240 nm. The GST activity method is based on the measurement of absorbance changes at 340 nm due to formation of GSH-CDNB complex. Histological determinations: Semiquantitative evaluation technique used by Abdel-Wahhab et al(24) was applied for interpreting the structural changes investigated in hepatic tissues of control and research groups. According to this, (-) (negative point) represents no structural change, while (+) (one positive point) represents mild, (++) (two positive points) medium and (+++) (three positive points) represents severe structural changes. Statistical analysis: The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) 20.0 softwre was used for the statistical analysis. Variations in oxidative state parameters, and histopathological examination between study groups were assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The Bonferroni-adjusted Mann-Whitney U-test was used after significant Kruskal-Wallis to determine which groups differed from the others. Results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (Mean ± SD). Statistical significance was set at a p value < 0.05 for all analyses. RESULTS There was statistically significant difference observed between the groups with respect to findings from the histological changes in the rat liver tissue (hepatocyte degeneration, sinüsoidal dilatation, pycnotic nucleus, prenecrotic cell) determined by light microscopy according to semiquantitative evaluation techniques (p < 0.0001). In Group DIR, hepatocyte degeneration was significantly high compared to Group C, Group DC and Group DIRD (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, p = 0.002, respectively), (Table 1, Figure 1-4). Similarly, sinüsoidal dilatation was significantly higher in Group DIR (p < 0.0001, p = 0.004, p = 0.015, respectively). Although, pcynotic nucleus was decreased in Group DIRD, it did not make a significant difference in comparison to Group DIR (p = 0.053), (Table 1, Figure 1-4). The prenecrotic cells were significantly increased in Group DIR, with respect to Group C, Group DC and Group DIRD (p < 0.0001, p = 0.004, p < 0.0001, respectively), (Table 1, Figure 1-4). Table 1. The comparison of histological changes in rat hepatic tissue [Mean ± SD)] p**: Statistical significance was set at a p value < 0.05 for Kruskal-Wallis test *p < 0.05: When compared with Group DIR Figure 1: Light microscopic view of hepatic tissue of Group C (control). VC: vena centralis, *: sinusoids. ®: hepatocytes, k: Kupffer cells, G: glycogen granules, mc: minimal cellular changes, Hematoxilen & Eosin x 40 Figure 2: Light-microscopic view of hepatic tissue of Group DC (diabetes mellitus control) (G: Glycogen granules increased in number, (VC: vena centralis, *:sinusoids. ®:hepatocytes, k:Kupffer cells, G: glycogen granules, mc: minimal cellular changes; Hematoxylin & Eosin x 40) Figure 3: Light-microscopic view of hepatic tissue of Group DIR (Diabetes Mellitus and ischemia-reperfusion) (VC: vena centralis, (H) degenerative and hydrophic hepatocytes, (dej) vena centralis degeneration (centrolobar injury) (*): sinusoid dilatation. (←) pycnotic and hyperchromatic nuclei, MNL: mononuclear cell infiltration, (¯) congestion, K: Kupffer cell hyperplasia, (­) vacuolar degeneration (Hematoxylin & Eosin x 40) Figure 4: Light-microscopic view of hepatic tissue of Group DIRD (Diabetes Mellitus and ischemia-reperfusion together with dexmedetomidine applied group) (VC: vena centralis, (MNL) mononuclear cell infiltration, (dej) hydrophilic degeneration in hepatocytes around vena centralis, (conj) congestion, G: glycogen granules, (←) pycnotic and hyperchromatic nuclei, sinusoid dilatation (*) (Hematoxylin & Eosin x 40) Besides, in liver tissue parenchyma, MN cellular infiltration was a light microscopic finding; and showed significant changes among the groups (p < 0.0001). This was significantly higher in Group DIR, compared to Group C, DC, and DIRD (p < 0.0001, p=0.007, p = 0.007, respectively), (Table 1, Figure 1-4). The enzymatic activity of MDA, SOD and GST in hepatic tissues showed significant differences among the groups [(p = 0.019), (p = 0.034). (p = 0.008) respectively]. MDA enzyme activity was significantly incresed in Group DIR, according to Group C and Group DIRD (p = 0.011, p = 0.016, respectively), (Table 2). In Group DIR SOD enzyme activity was lower with respect to Group C and Group DIRD (p = 0.010, p = 0.038, respectively), (Table 2). The GST enzyme activity was significantly higher in Group DIR, when compared to Group C, DC and DIRD (p = 0.007, p = 0.038, p = 0.039, respectively), (Table 2). Table 2. Oxidative state parameters in rat hepatic tissue [Mean ± SD] p**: Statistical significance was set at a p value < 0.05 for Kruskal-Wallis test *p < 0.05: When compared with Group DIR The enzymatic activity of MDA, SOD in renal tissues, showed significant differences among the groups [(p < 0.0001), (p = 0.008) respectively ]. MDA enzyme activity was significantly incresed in Group DIR, according to Group C and Group DIRD (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, respectively). Also MDA enzyme activity level was significantly increased in Group DC, in comparison to Group C and Group DIRD (p = 0.003, p = 0.001, respectively), (Table 3). In Group DIR SOD enzyme activity was lower with respect to Group C and Group DIRD (p = 0.032, p = 0.013, respectively), (Table 3). The GST enzyme activity was significantly higher in Group DIR than the other three groups, however; CAT levels were similar among the groups (Table 3). Table 3: Oxidative state parameters in rat nephrotic tissue [Mean ± SD)] p**: Statistical significance was set at a p value < 0.05 for Kruskal-Wallis test *p < 0.05: When compared with Group DIR DISCUSSION In this study, we have reported the protective effect of dexmedetomidine in experimental hepatic and renal IRI model in the rat by investigating the MDA and SOD levels biochemically. Besides, hepatic histopathological findings also supported our report. Ischemic damage may occur with trauma, hemorrhagic shock, and some surgical interventions, mainly hepatic and renal resections. Reperfusion following ischemia results in even more injury than ischemia itself. IRI is an inflammatory response accompanied by free radical formation, leucocyte migration and activation, sinusoidal endothelial cellular damage, deteoriated microcirculation and coagulation and complement system activation.1 We also detected injury in hepatic and renal tissue caused by reperfusion following ischemia in liver. Experimental and clinical evidence indicates that OS is involved in both the pathogenesis and the complications of diabetes mellitus.25,26 Diabetes mellitus is a serious risk factor for the development of renal and cardiovascular disease. It is also related to fatty changes in the liver.27 Diabetes-related organ damage seems to be the result of multiple mechanisms. Diabetes has been associated with increased free radical reactions and oxidant tissue damage in STZ-induced diabetic rats and also in patients.26Oxidative stress has been implicated in the destruction of pancreatic β-cells28 and could largely contribute to the oxidant tissue damage associated with chronic hyperglycemia.29 A number of reports have shown that antioxidants can attenuate the complications of diabetes in patients30 and in experimental models.28,31 This study demonstrated that diabetes causes a tendency to increase the IRI. There is a lot of investigations related to the pharmacological agents or food supplements applied for decreasing OS and IRI. Antioxidant agents paly an important role in IRI by effecting antioxidant system or lessening the formation of ROS. It has been reported that anesthetic agents too, are effective in oxidative stress.1 During surgical interventions, it seems rational to get benefit from anesthetic agents in prevention of OS caused by IRI instead of using other agents. It has been declared that; dexmedetomidine; as an α-2 agonist with sedative, hypnotic properties; is important in prevention of renal, focal, cerebral, cardiac, testicular and tourniquet-induced IRI.13-18 On the other hand Bostankolu et al. concluded that dexmedetomidine did not have an additional protective role for tournique induced IRI during routine general anesthesia.32 In this study; we have shown that dexmedetomidine has a reducing effect in IRI in diabetic rats. Some biochemical tests and histopathological evaluations are applied for bringing up oxidative stress and IRI in the tissues. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) that appear with reperfusion injury damage cellular structures through the process of the lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes and yield toxic metabolites such as MDA.33 As an important intermidiate product in lipid peroxidation, MDA is used as a sensitive marker of IRI.34 ROS-induced tissue injury is triggered by various defense mechanisms.35 The first defence mechanisms include the antioxidant enzymes of SOD, CAT, and GPx. These endogenous antioxidants are the first lines of defence against oxidative stres and act by scavenging potentially damaging free radical moieties.36 There is a balance between ROS and the scavenging capacity of antioxidant enzymes.1-8 In this study, for evaluation of oxidative damage and antioxidant activity, MDS, SOD, GST and CAT levels were determined in liver and kidney tissues. MDA levels in hepatic and renal tissues were higher in Group DIR compared to Group C and Group DIRD. GST levels were higher in Group DIR compared to all the other three groups. When the groups were arranged from highest to lowest order, with respect to CAT levels, the order was; Group DIR, Group DIRD, Group DC and Group C. However, the difference was not significant. The acute phase reactant MDA, as a marker of OS, was found to be high in Group DIR and low in Group DIRD. This could be interpreted as the presence of protective effect of dexmedetomidine in IRI. IRI developing in splanchnic area causes injury also in the other organs.35 Leithead et al showed that clinically significant hepatic IRI demonstrates a strong relationship with peri-operative acute kidney injury.2 In our experimental research that showed correlation to that of research by Leithead et al. After hepatic IRI in diabetic rats renal OS marker MDA levels were significantly more in Group DIR than Group DIRD. In our study, we observed histopathological changes in the ischemic liver tissue and alterations in the level of MDA, SOD, GST and CAT levels which are OS markers. Histopathological changes of the liver tissues are hepatocyt degeneration, sinusoidal dilatation, nuclear picnosis, celluler necrosis, mononuclear cell infiltrationat paranchimal tissue. These histopathological injury scores were significantly lower in the Group DIRD than those in group DIR. LIMITATION Study limitation is there was no negative control group, as this type of surgical intervention is not possible in rats without anesthesia. CONCLUSION The enzymatic findings of our study together with the hepatic histopathology indicate that dexmedetomidine has a potential role to decrease ischemia-reperfusion injury. Conflict of interest and funding: The authors have not received any funding or benefits from industry or elsewhere to conduct this study. Author contribution: ŞCS: Concept, conduction of the study work and manuscript editing; BI: the main author to write the article; MB & MK: biochemical analysis; MA: manuscript writing; FMÇ: helped us with experimental study; LÖ & EK: collection of data REFERENCES Collard CD, Gelman S. Pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and prevention of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Anesthesiology. 2001;94(6):1133. [PubMed] [Free full text] Leithead JA, Armstrong MJ, Corbett C, Andrew M, Kothari C, Gunson BK, et al. Hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury is associated with acute kidney injury following donation after brain death liver transplantation. Transpl Int. 2013;26(11):1116. doi: 10.1111/tri.12175. [PubMed] [Free full text] Panés J, Kurose I, Rodriguez-Vaca D, Anderson DC, Miyasaka M, Tso P, et al. Diabetes exacerbates inflammatory responses to ischemia-reperfusion. Circulation. 1996;93(1):161. [PubMed] [Free full text] Touyz RM. 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Dexmedetomidine protects against lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte deformability alterations in experimental hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury. Libyan J Med. 2012;7. doi: 10.3402/ljm.v7i0.18185 [PubMed] [Free full text] Si Y, Bao H, Han L, Shi H, Zhang Y, Xu L, et al. Dexmedetomidine protects against renal ischemia and reperfusion injury by inhibiting the JAK/STAT signaling activation. J Transl Med. 2013;11(1):141. doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-141. [PubMed][Free full text] Türeci E, İş M, Üzüm G, Akyüz F, Ulu MO, Döşoğlu M, et al. Alterations in blood-brain barrier after traumatic brain injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Nervous Sys Surgery 2009;2(2):79. [Free full text] Van Ye TM, Roza AM, Pieper GM, Henderson J Jr, Johnson JP, Adams MB. Inhibition of intestinal lipid peroxidation does not minimize morphological damage. J Surg Res 1993;55:553. [PubMed] Durak I, Canbolat O, Kavutcu M, Öztürk HS, Yurtarslanı Z. Activities of total, cytoplasmic and mihochondrial superoxide dismutase enzymes in sera and pleural fluids from patient with lung cancer. J Clin Lab Anal 1996;10:17. [PubMed] Aebi H. Catalase. In: H.U.Bergmeyer (Ed): Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, Academic Press , New York and London, 1974;pp.673-677. Habig WH, Pabst MJ, Jakoby WB. Glutathione S-transferases. The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J Biol Chem 1974;249:7130. [PubMed] [Free full text] Abdel-Wahhab MA, Nada SA, Arbid MS. Ochratoxicosis: Prevention of developmental toxicity by L-methionine in rats. J Appl Toxicol 1999;19:7. [PubMed] Wolff SP. Diabetes mellitus and free radicals: free radicals, transition metals and oxidative stress in the aetiology of diabetes mellitus and complications. Br Med Bull. 1993;49:642. [PubMed] [Free full text] West IC. Radicals and oxidative stress in diabetes. Diabet Med. 2000;17:171–180. [PubMed] Wanless IR, Lentz JS. 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Tien Hung, Nguyen, and Huynh Van Sau. "Fraud of Financial Statements at Listed Enterprises on Ho Chi Minh City Securities Department." VNU Journal of Science: Economics and Business 34, no.4 (December4, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.25073/2588-1108/vnueab.4129.

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The study was conducted to identify fraudulent financial statements at listed companies (DNNY) on the Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange (HOSE) through the Triangular Fraud Platform This is a test of VSA 240. At the same time, the conformity assessment of this model in the Vietnamese market. The results show that the model is based on two factors: the ratio of sales to total assets and return on assets; an Opportunity Factor (Education Level); and two factors Attitude (change of independent auditors and opinion of independent auditors). This model is capable of accurately forecasting more than 78% of surveyed sample businesses and nearly 72% forecasts for non-research firms. Keywords Triangle fraud, financial fraud report, VSA 240 References Nguyễn Tiến Hùng & Võ Hồng Đức (2017), “Nhận diện gian lận báo cáo tài chính: Bằng chứng thực nghiệm tại các doanh nghiệp niêm yết ở Việt Nam”, Tạp chí Công Nghệ Ngân Hàng, số 132 (5), tr. 58-72.[2]. Hà Thị Thúy Vân (2016), “Thủ thuật gian lận trong lập báo cáo tài chính của các công ty niêm yết”, Tạp chí tài chính, kỳ 1, tháng 4/2016 (630). [3]. Cressey, D. R. (1953). Other people's money; a study of the social psychology of embezzlement. New York, NY, US: Free Press.[4]. Bộ Tài Chính Việt Nam, (2012). Chuẩn mực kiểm toán Việt Nam số 240 – Trách nhiệm của kiểm toán viên đối với gian lận trong kiểm toán báo cáo tài chính. [5]. Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of financial economics, 3(4), 305-360.[6]. Võ Hồng Đức & Phan Bùi Gia Thủy (2014), Quản trị công ty: Lý thuyết và cơ chế kiểm soát, Ấn bản lần 1, Tp.HCM, Nxb Thanh Niên.[7]. Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Boston: Pitman independence on corporate fraud. Managerial Finance 26 (11): 55-67.[9]. Skousen, C. J., Smith, K. R., & Wright, C. J. (2009). Detecting and predicting financial statement fraud: The effectiveness of the fraud triangle and SAS No. 99. Available at SSRN 1295494.[10]. Lou, Y. I., & Wang, M. L. (2011). Fraud risk factor of the fraud triangle assessing the likelihood of fraudulent financial reporting. Journal of Business and Economics Research (JBER), 7(2).[11]. Perols, J. L., & Lougee, B. A. (2011). The relation between earnings management and financial statement fraud. Advances in Accounting, 27(1), 39-53.[12]. Trần Thị Giang Tân, Nguyễn Trí Tri, Đinh Ngọc Tú, Hoàng Trọng Hiệp và Nguyễn Đinh Hoàng Uyên (2014), “Đánh giá rủi ro gian lận báo cáo tài chính của các công ty niêm yết tại Việt Nam”, Tạp chí Phát triển kinh tế, số 26 (1) tr.74-94.[13]. Kirkos, E., Spathis, C., & Manolopoulos, Y. (2007). Data mining techniques for the detection of fraudulent financial statements. Expert Systems with Applications, 32(4), 995-1003.[14]. Amara, I., Amar, A. B., & Jarboui, A. (2013). Detection of Fraud in Financial Statements: French Companies as a Case Study. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 3(3), 40-51.[15]. Beasley, M. S. (1996). An empirical analysis of the relation between the board of director composition and financial statement fraud. Accounting Review, 443-465.[16]. Beneish, M. D. (1999). The detection of earnings manipulation. Financial Analysts Journal, 55(5), 24-36.[17]. Persons, O. S. (1995). Using financial statement data to identify factors associated with fraudulent financial reporting. Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR), 11(3), 38-46.[18]. Summers, S. L., & Sweeney, J. T. (1998). Fraudulently misstated financial statements and insider trading: An empirical analysis. Accounting Review, 131-146.[19]. Dechow, P. M., Sloan, R. G., & Sweeney, A. P. (1996). Causes and consequences of earnings manipulation: An analysis of firms subject to enforcement actions by the SEC. Contemporary accounting research, 13(1), 1-36.[20]. Loebbecke, J. K., Eining, M. M., & Willingham, J. J. (1989). Auditors experience with material irregularities – Frequency, nature, and detectability. Auditing – A journal of practice and Theory, 9(1), 1-28. [21]. Abbott, L. J., Park, Y., & Parker, S. (2000). The effects of audit committee activity and independence on corporate fraud. Managerial Finance, 26(11), 55-68.[22]. Farber, D. B. (2005). Restoring trust after fraud: Does corporate governance matter?. The Accounting Review, 80(2), 539-561.[23]. Stice, J. D. (1991). Using financial and market information to identify pre-engagement factors associated with lawsuits against auditors. Accounting Review, 516-533.[24]. Beasley, M. S., Carcello, J. V., & Hermanson, D. R. (1999). COSO's new fraud study: What it means for CPAs. Journal of Accountancy, 187(5), 12.[25]. Neter, J., Wasserman, W., & Kutner, M. H. (1990). Applied statistical models.Richard D. Irwin, Inc., Burr Ridge, IL.[26]. Gujarati, D. N. (2009). Basic econometrics. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.[27]. McFadden, D. (1974). Conditional Logit Analysis of Qualita-tive Choice Behavior," in Frontiers in Econometrics, P. Zarenm-bka, ed. New York: Academic Press, 105-42.(1989). A Method of Simulated Moments for Estimation of Discrete Response Models Without Numerical Integration," Econometrica, 54(3), 1027-1058.[28]. DA Cohen, ADey, TZ Lys. (2008), “Accrual-Based Earnings Management in the Pre-and Post-Sarbanes-Oxley Periods”. The accounting review.

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Milberry, Kate. "Reconstructing the Internet: How Social Justice Activists Contest Technical Design in Cyberspace." M/C Journal 9, no.1 (March1, 2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.2593.

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Since the eruption of the global justice movement at 1999’s Battle of Seattle, much has been made about the impact of the Internet on progressive activism. Of particular interest have been the ways in which activists have used the Internet as a communication medium, as a forum for information dissemination and as a tool for organizing (Deibert, Kahn & Kellner; Meikle; Smith). Applications like Websites, email and Internet Relay Chat have largely facilitated the new movement as a global phenomenon (Bennett; van Aelst & Walgrave). Cyberactivism – political activism on the Internet – is a new mode of contentious action, and new practices such as virtual sit-ins, online petitions and email campaigns have enhanced the repertoire of contention (McCaughey & Ayers). But what effects have activists had on the Internet? How have they shaped the Internet to fit both their technical needs and movement goals? Geeks and Global Justice The global justice movement (GJM) has broadened to include a new brand of activism, one that moves beyond simply using technology toward particular ends to include the modification and transformation of technology itself. Tech activism combines the free software ethos derived from geek culture with concerns for social justice on a planetary scale. Tech activists are the computer programmers who write, develop and deploy software for the online projects of activist groups. They also develop and maintain activist Websites and provide technical support, largely on a volunteer basis. The novelty of tech activism moves beyond the political alliance of social justice activists and computer geeks, however. Rather, it lies in the way tech activists incorporate the democratic goals of the GJM into the very technology used to pursue those goals. That is to say, tech activists recode software intended for use by activists in a way that anticipates the progressive social change they pursue. In this way, tech activists produce both an alternative version of the technology that is accessible, participatory, and non-hierarchical, and an alternate vision of society based on those same ideals. Detailed histories of the Internet reveal it to be a social construction contingent upon social factors (Abbate; Ceruzzi). Conceptualizing it this way, we can better understand how the goals and values of the global justice movement are inflected in the Internet’s ongoing “invention” (Abbate). The tension between capitalist logic and democratic impulses that characterizes the Internet suggests that it is an unfinished and flexible technology (Feenberg & Bakardjieva). Thus it is not surprising that as corporate interests continue to settle the virtual frontier, the Internet emerges as the locus of a new struggle. Like the Internet itself, this struggle is multilayered. It is at once a contest between private and public interests manifested at the “content” layer of the Internet, composed of applications such as the World Wide Web, and also at the Internet’s underlying infrastructure, the “logical” layer comprising the data transport and transmission protocols (Lessig). Commercial interests are poised to dominate the Web, pushing democratic and public uses to the margins of cyberspace; further, corporate influence threatens to further close and commodify access to the Internet (Meikle). Politicizing Technology But if the Internet is a social construction that turns upon human agency in its ongoing development, opportunities for contestation and change exist. The chance to challenge power imbalances entrenched in contemporary industrial society, where technical action is an exercise of power, arises in the technical sphere. Technology, therefore, is recast as a political project. It is not a reified “thing” but rather and ambivalent process, one pregnant with both liberating and oppressive possibilities (Feenberg, “Critical Theory”). The current strain of tech activism embodied in the global justice movement exploits this ambivalence, returning to the radicalism of the Free Software Movement. The FSM in turn has roots in 1960s digital counterculture, with its foundational belief that information should be free (Stallman). While today the wider tech community has drifted from these radical origins, the enduring legacy of the FSM is twofold. It is at once the redefinition of technology as a political project subject to democratic intervention, and the promotion of an alternative social model based on decentralization, volunteerism, cooperation and self-empowerment. The disarticulation of software from the logic of capitalism thus appears as an example of democratic rationalization: the creation and use of technology that undermines the existing social hierarchy (Feenberg, “Questioning”). Tech activists in the global justice movement have reclaimed computer technology development as a political frontier for contentious action. It was at 1999’s Battle of Seattle that activists first realized the potential and power of the Internet for their burgeoning movement. Since then, tech activists have been central to the global justice movement, facilitating the novel combination of interactive digital technology and social justice activism. From hosting hacklabs and sending reclaimed computers to developing countries, to setting up transient media centres amidst political actions and natural disasters, tech activists have clearly embraced the politics of technology. One prominent example of tech activism in the GJM is the Independent Media Centre (IMC), a Web-based network of radical media making collectives that went live for the Seattle protest. Tech activists are responsible for the technical implementation and continued maintenance of IMC, which was founded to give voice to activists protesting the ill effects of global capitalism. Today it is widely recognized as the media arm of the GJM. Indymedia and Free Software The choice of free software for the global site, indymedia.org, was deliberate, and suggests a philosophical inheritance from the free software movement. It also shows with clarity the project’s political objectives. At present, all the software on the global network, which includes more than 130 “nodes”, is by charter free software. Throughout Indymedia’s six-year history, free software has enabled the IMC tech collective to develop applications “that encourage cooperation, solidarity, an equal field of participation” among volunteers (Henshaw-Plath. “Proposal”). Critically, free software met technical requirements while promoting social objectives: “It’s clear that the technology we use and process by which it’s constructed and articulated [are] deeply political. We are creating the technical systems that prefigure the change we want to see in society” (Henshaw-Plath, “IMC-Tech”). Clearly, tech activists understand coding as technical process with social implications. They make an explicit attempt to imbue software with ideals that mirror their social justice objectives, never losing sight of the social purpose of the software, nor of the user-technology relation. In the case of the continual hacking of Active, the original open publishing software, “the geeks of IMC-Tech were keenly aware that each technological design or set of features creates a particular publishing structure and, as a result, empowers users…in an equally particular way” (Hill 2). This is an example of user agency at the level of technical design; by including a wider array of values and needs in their software, tech activists are helping to democratize Internet technology. Tech activists thus display insight into the power asymmetries inherent in capitalist socio-technical systems, like the Internet, as well as the knowledge that such asymmetries are both socially constructed and reflective of inequality in the broader social context. Wild Wild Wikis: The Latest Frontier Activists in the global justice movement, supported by geeks who share their social conscience, created Indymedia to communicate their social objectives, including economic and environmental justice, participatory democracy and racial and gender equality. But internal communication among Indymedia activists was also important. Initially, the IMC Tech Collective communicated by email lists and Internet Relay Chat (IRC). They subsequently adopted wiki technology in an effort to create a sustainable system for documenting its project. As one member of the Docs Tech Working Group observed: “Getting a functioning and used wiki is really vital for the network…Email lists just aren’t cutting it for the level of organizing and information exchange and growth we need to help facilitate” (Windmueller). The purpose of the Global Indymedia Documentation Project is to gather collective knowledge about IMC’s history, its current projects and its short and long-term goals. Such documentation is vital to the success of Indymedia; not only does it provide a public record, it creates a fluidity that facilitates participation at varying levels. “The Indymedia Documentation Project looks like a normal Web site… except that it encourages contribution and editing of pages, questions, answers, comments and updates” (Indymedia). Wiki software has been popular in the business community as a “conversational knowledge management solution” that fosters an efficient and collaborative work process (Gonzalez-Reinhart, 5). A wiki is a series of linked, dynamic Web pages that can be created, edited and deleted by a logged-on user, with no coding skills necessary. All changes are documented, so the wiki’s history is preserved and accessible for viewing. Because of its accessible, collective and participatory design, Kahn and Kellner call the wiki “the next wave in the emerging democratic Internet” (196). By 2002, IMC techs adopted and hacked up TWiki, a free software wiki clone aimed at the corporate intranet world, assembling a number of separately running wikis in one Website, docs.indymedia.org. While mailing lists facilitate information exchange, and IRC enables real time discussion, neither application provides a collaborative space for Indymedia volunteers to work asynchronously on common projects. The wiki, however, facilitates information flow, which allows distributed teams to work together seamlessly and productively, and eliminates the one-Webmaster syndrome of outdated content. Further, the wiki has proven useful as a forum for discussing technical issues regarding the smooth running of the network, while its ability to store policy documents, research papers, proposals and meeting logs create an invaluable store of cumulative knowledge. A successful wiki has political implications beyond the virtual sphere, offering alternative ways of social organization offline. “The recognition of this might lead some people to take the organization of work in a wiki as a model that could succeed in the real world as well (Ebersbach & Glaser)” The “wiki way” (Cunningham) of self-organization and collaboration to produce high quality work without capitalist incentives reveals other ways to value technology, ways not currently embraced by the dominant social order as it is underwritten by corporate capitalism. As social software, wikis create prospects for democratic communication and collaboration online, making it an important new application for activist work. Conclusion The Internet remains an unfinished and contested technology. Because it is socially constructed, users can intervene in its development and shape its future direction(s). Tech activists in the global justice movement bridge the divide between geek and activist communities, developing and maintaining the digital infrastructure that supports progressive activism on a planetary scale. Through their free software work, tech activists develop Internet technology that reflects their technical needs and social objectives, deliberately opposing the commercial encroachment of cyberspace. In the case of Indymedia, tech activists redeployed wiki software to facilitate movement goals – by creating a public and democratic space for online collaboration, and by challenging inherent power inequities reflected in the broader society. By addressing such imbalances at the level of technical design, they have created an alternative version of Internet technology as well as an alternate vision of society. References Abbate, Janet. Inventing the Internet. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999. Bennett, W.L. “Communicating Global Activism: Strengths and Vulnerabilities of Networked Politics.” Eds. W. van de Donk, B.D. Loader, P.G. Nixon and D. Rucht. Cyberprotest: New Media, Citizens, and Social Movements. London and New York: Routledge (2004): 123-146. Ceruzzi, Paul. A History of Modern Computing. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003. Cunningham, Ward. “Why Wiki Works.” Cunningham and Cunningham Website, n.d. 25 Nov. 2005 http://www.c2.com/cgi/wiki?WhyWikiWorks>. Deibert, Ronald J. “International Plug n’ Play? Citizen Activism, the Internet and Global Public Policy.” International Studies Perspectives 1 (2000): 255-272. Feenberg, Andrew. Critical Theory of Technology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. ———. Questioning Technology. London and New York: Routledge. 1999. ———, and Maria Bakardjieva. “Consumers or Citizens? The Online Community Debate.” Eds. Andrew Feenberg and Darrin Barney. Community in the Digital Age: Philosophy and Practice. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield (2004): 1-28. Ebersbach, Anja, and Markus Glaser. “Towards Emancipatory Use of a Medium: The Wiki.” International Journal of Information Ethics 2 (2004): 1-9. GNU. “Overview of the GNU System.” GNU Website, n.d. 22 Nov. 2005 http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-history.html>. Gonzalez-Reinhart, Jennifer. “Wiki and the Wiki Way: Beyond a Knowledge Management System.” 2005. 5 Dec. 2005 http://www.uhisrc.com/FTB/Wiki/wiki_way_brief%5B1%5D-Jennifer%2005.pdf>. Henshaw-Plath, Evan. “Proposal to Reform www.indy by Highlighting Local IMCs.” 2002. 29 Apr. 2003 http://internal.indymedia.org/front.php3?article_id=538>. Henshaw-Plath, Evan. “IMC-Tech Summary for November 16th 2001.” 2001. 28 Nov. 2005 http://archives.lists.indymedia.org/imc-summaries/2001-November/000028.html>. Hill, Benjamin Mako. “Software, Politics and Indymedia.” 2003. 25 Nov. 2005 http://mako.cc/writing/mute-indymedia_software.html>. Indymedia. “Welcome Guest.” Indymedia Website, n.d. 2 Dec. 2005 http://docs.indymedia.org/viewauth/TWiki/WelcomeGuest>. Kahn, Richard V., and Douglas Kellner. “Virtually Democratic: Online Communities and Internet Activism.” Eds. Andrew Feenberg and Darrin Barney. Community in the Digital Age: Philosophy and Practice. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield (2004): 183-200. Lessig, Lawrence. Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace. New York: Basic Books. 1999. McCaughey, Martha and Michael D. Ayers. Cyberactivism: Online Activism in Theory and Practice. New York: Routledge. 2003. Meikle, Graham. Future Active: Media Activism and the Internet. New York: Routledge. 1999. Smith, Jackie. “Cyber Subversion in the Information Economy.” Dissent Spring 2001: 48-52. Stallman, Richard. “The GNU Project.” GNU Website. 1999. 22 Nov. 2005 http://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html>. Van Aelst, Peter and Stefaan Walgrave. “New Media, New Movements? The Role of the Internet in Shaping the ‘Anti-Globalization’ Movement.” Eds. W. van de Donk, B.D. Loader, P.G. Nixon and D. Rucht, Cyberprotest: New Media, Citizens, and Social Movements. London and New York: Routledge (2004): 123-146. Windmueller, John. Comment posted to Indymedia Documentation Project wiki. 15 Nov. 2005 http://docs.indymedia.org/view/Sysadmin/ImcDocsReplaceWikiEngine>. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Milberry, Kate. "Reconstructing the Internet: How Social Justice Activists Contest Technical Design in Cyberspace." M/C Journal 9.1 (2006). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0603/10-milberry.php>. APA Style Milberry, K. (Mar. 2006) "Reconstructing the Internet: How Social Justice Activists Contest Technical Design in Cyberspace," M/C Journal, 9(1). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0603/10-milberry.php>.

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Stooksbury,KaraE., Lori Maxwell, and CynthiaS.Brown. ""Spin Zones" in American Presidential Elections." M/C Journal 14, no.5 (October19, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.410.

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If one morning I walked on top of the water across the Potomac River, the headline that afternoon would read: "President Can't Swim". —Lyndon B. Johnson Introduction The term “spin” implies manipulating the truth, and this concept, along with “spin doctoring,” is now common in media and public discourse. The prevalence of “spin zones” in American politics is undeniable; media outlets themselves, such as Bill O’Reilly’s “No Spin Zone” on Fox News, now run segments on the topic. Despite this apparent media certainty about what constitutes “spin” there is a lack of conceptual clarity regarding the term among those who study media and politics. This article will draw on previous literature to identify two competing yet overlapping spin zones in American politics: the media’s spin zone and the President’s spin zone. Highlighting examples from the two most recent American presidential election campaigns, the article will evaluate the interplay of these zones and the consequences for future campaigns. Spin Zones In the United States, the press and the President are engaged in a struggle over providing information. Ever since the Watergate Scandal, the media is increasingly expected to be a “watchdog” that informs citizens and keeps the Executive accountable (Coronel 13) The President, conversely, may attempt to use the power of his position to set the discursive agenda or frame the political debate in his favor. Furthermore, with the rise of multi-media access and information provision, the lines between the spin doctoring of the Executive and the media have become even more blurred. Because of the complexities of these overlapping spin zones, many scholars disagree on how to define and/or precisely measure these effects. The following section briefly describes the ‘spin zone’ tools of agenda setting, framing, and priming, and then considers the example of a candidate who failed to prime his negative evaluation and a President who primes his image and successfully counterattacks his negative evaluation. The literature recognises two separate, yet interrelated zones that are integral to understanding these media/presidential relations: what we term the presidential spin zone and the media spin zone. The interplay between these zones comes together around three key concepts—agenda setting, framing, and priming. A key difficulty for scholars is that the President, his electoral challengers, and the press are engaged in agenda setting, framing and priming, sometimes simultaneously. Agenda setting is a broad concept and refers to focusing on certain issues to the exclusion of others. Framing is defined as the decision by the news media to “emphasise certain elements to define the ‘public’s belief’ about social and political issues” (Van Gorp 488). Other scholars describe priming as “a disproportionate amount of public comments with the hope . . . of causing voters to base their selection among the candidates on [that] issue” (Druckman et al. 1181; see also Druckman “Framing Effects”; Nelson, Clawson and Oxley; Van Gorp). Candidates may also undertake “image priming,” which is proposed by James Druckman et al., as a tool that can be used to counteract negative candidate evaluations (1182–1183). The definition of the media spin zone is, in most instances, synonymous with priming. Defining the presidential spin zone is more complex. Clearly the presidential spin zone involves both the previously-discussed “issue framing abilities of the president” and how he “set[s] the agenda” (Miller and Krosnick 301; see also, Gamson and Modigliano, Baumgardner and Jones; Druckman, “Framing Effects”). Mark Rozell, for instance, found that the Ford and Carter administrations had difficulty controlling the public agenda since many issues were either beyond their control, or because the president and his advisors lacked the strategy or skill to affect media coverage. The Reagan White House however was able to use his “image” to control the media (85–86). Similarly, George W. Bush’s administration was able to implement policies concerning the invasion of Iraq after the 9-11 through “issue framing” scare tactics, which were constantly reinforced by media outlets (Kellner 643). However, the President can also be engaged in priming at any given time. In other words, the President (or candidate) may attempt to prime what the media has already spun about him/her. A problem, of course, is that the President or candidate, in attempting to prime an issue that has already been spun in a sense tacitly admits they have lost the opportunity to set the agenda in the first place. However, this is when he can seize the aforementioned opportunity to use “image priming” to counterattack the media. In the examples that follow we examine whether the President or candidate can use priming to effectively counterattack the media spin zone, with a focus on two political tools that have been historically reserved for the President or candidates, namely, holding the base and wedge issues. Holding the Base and the Media Spin Zone Holding the base has been defined as a way in which candidates or Presidents can use the media to strengthen support among voters who already identify with their political party (Iyengar and McGrady 246). A classic example of this is the 1984 Reagan/Bush re-election campaign, the “The Bear.” This featured a bear in the woods that “some” could “see” and others didn’t “see at all” which was an implicit threat regarding Soviet communism and a reminder that Reagan was tough on foreign policy (“The Bear”). However, the evidence indicates that the media has increasingly begun “holding the base” on its own to facilitate its partisan framing and priming of candidates or Presidents. The Swift Boat Veterans for Truth attack advertisements on 2004 Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry is a key example of a media attempt to “hold the base.” In these advertisements, former “Swift Boat Veterans attack[ed] his [Kerry’s] military record” (Muravchik A17). While this initiative began as a means to collect Republican donations, Shanto Iyengar and Jennifer McGrady maintain that the amount was “trivial” and that the real impact came with “the torrent of news reports across the country” (150). Indeed, Kathleen Jamieson and Joseph Capella found that by August 2004, “viewers of Fox News were more likely than other network viewers to say that candidate John Kerry did not earn his Vietnam medals” (279). Their evaluation of this data demonstrated the power of the media spin zone: “He (Limbaugh) employs intense language, disparaging information and negative framing to distance perceptions of the Democratic candidate from those of the anointed Republican candidate” (Jamieson and Capella 228). The coverage of disputes surrounding Kerry’s military record was augmented by the media’s simultaneous coverage of the threat of terrorism. This priming “in the media continued, reaching a high peak of 55 threat messages in August 2004, a month later 25% of the public was very concerned about another major terrorist attack in the US—two months before the presidential election” (Nacos, Bloch-Elkon and Shapiro 120). Both President Bush and Candidate Kerry acknowledged that their respective win/loss could be attributed in some measure to the press coverage of the “war on terror” (Nacos, Bloch-Elkon and Shapiro 124). While questions loomed about his military experience against the backdrop of the war on terror, Senator Kerry won the first two Presidential debates by significant margins. Alec Gallup and Frank Newport suggested that the Kerry camp had “won the spin contest … to characterize their own candidate as the winner” (406). So, what happened to Kerry? The media spin zone stopped him. The presidential debate wins were 30 September 2004 and 8 October 2004, respectively. Iyengar and McGrady demonstrate that before the debates even began the number of Swift Boat veteran stories primed in the national and international press went from under 100 to over 500 (151). According to Kim Fridkin et al. the media’s spin was a significant factor in the third debate. They found that media coverage concerning Senator Kerry’s response to one question on whether homosexuality was a choice affected citizens’ evaluations of the candidate. In the post debate coverage, the tone “in newspapers, on the Internet, and on television was uniformly negative in its assessment of Senator Kerry’s comments” (Fridkin et al. 30). The impact of this negative framing was sufficiently strong to override positive evaluations of Kerry held by those who watched the debate. In sum, the “perfect storm of media coverage lessened the bounce that Senator Kerry received from the actual debate and led people to develop negative impressions of Kerry a mere three weeks before Election Day” (Fridkin 43). Despite these liabilities, Kerry should have counterattacked the media spin zone. He should have “counterpunched,” as noted by Drew Westen, priming the media that he was “a different kind of Democrat”—“one who knows when it’s time to take off the gloves” (337). Westen’s advice is echoed in Druckman’s call for further research in this area as well as by his own research findings. The media’s framing and priming led to negative evaluations of Kerry, which afforded him the opportunity to prime his “image” in a counterattack, as Druckman suggests (1183). Overcoming the Wedge Issues of the Media Spin Zone President Obama, however, orchestrates a different outcome in dealing with the media spin zone attack against him which centered on a “wedge” or “us verses them” issue. Iyengar and McGrady note that “wedge issues are designed to pit groups against each other, to appeal to voters’ sense of group identity” (145). However, they define wedge issues within the context of presidential spin zones; thus, the candidate or the president would be framing the “us versus them” topic. In this instance, the media framed a wedge issue, the status of President Obama’s citizenship, against him. In this case the birther movement, oft-promoted by conservative radio host Rush Limbaugh, argued that President Obama was not a US citizen. This issue became so prominent that it was soon adopted by the media spin zone. The media framing demanded proof in addition to the short form birth certificate that the President had already released (Wilson 109). For his part, President Obama handled the media spin zone’s wedge issue with great aplomb, responding in a brief statement to the public on 27 April 2011: “We do not have time for this kind of silliness” (Shear). Moreover, he did not alienate the media for framing the birther movement, but he placed the blame implicitly on Donald Trump who had taken up the birther gauntlet thrown down by Rush Limbaugh. It was “clearly Trump” he was priming when he indicated that he did not want to be “distracted by sideshows and carnival barkers” (Shear). Moreover, his strategic focus on “silliness” is an illustration of “image priming”. He did not allow himself to be drawn into the race-baiting or religious controversy that was a component of some of the media talk show discussions. The Washington Post reported after Obama’s speech that the percentage of Americans who questioned his legitimacy to serve as President dropped from 20% to 10%—thus legitimating his choice to address the nation. This result meant that the President responded to an attack from the media spin zone with a counterattack of his own; he effectively counterattacked to prime his image. Interestingly, Stephen Ansolobehare and Iyengar have indirectly demonstrated the efficacy of counterattacks in presidential spin zone situations by evaluating situations where one candidate attacks another and the “victim” of the attack either, does not respond, responds with a positive message or responds with a counterattack (143). They found overwhelming evidence that voters prefer their party’s candidate to counterattack rather than be victimised. Conclusion In this paper we have furthered the call for conceptual clarity in the field by joining Druckman et al. in emphasising the need for more research on “image priming” on the part of candidates and Presidents in the interplay between the press and the presidency. If used properly, image priming seems a viable way for the presidency to counterattack against media framing and priming, but squandered opportunities may irreparably harm candidates. President Obama faced a difficult wedge issue that had undercurrents of both racial and religious tensions, but he deftly avoided those issues and found a way to “use Trump as a foil and present the president as a more serious leader” (Shear). His counterattack against the wedge used by the media spin zone was successful. Senator Kerry, on the other hand, failed to counterattack the media spin zone’s rallying of the base. His silence allowed the media to generate both issue and image frames and priming against him. This is an important lesson for future candidates and presidents and the media and presidential spin zones are important topics for further research. References Ansolabehare, Stephen, and Shanto Iyengar. Going Negative: How Political Advertisements Shrink and Polarize the Electorate. New York: Free Press, 1995. Baumgardner, Frank, and Bryan D. Jones. Agendas and Instability in American Politics. Chicago, Illinois: U of Chicago P, 1993. Cappella, Joseph N., and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Spiral of Cynicism: The Press and the Public Good. New York: Oxford UP, 1997. Coronel, Sheila S. “The Media as Watchdog.” The Role of the News Media in the Governance Realm 29–31 May 2008. 18 Oct. 2011 ‹http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/pnorris/Conference/Conference%20papers/Coronel%20Watchdog.pdf›. Druckman, James N. “On the Limits of Framing Effects: Who Can Frame?” The Journal of Politics 63.4 (2001): 1041–1066. ——. “The Power of Television Images.” The Journal of Politics 65.2 (2003): 559–71. Druckman, James N., et al. “Candidate Strategies to Prime Issues and Image.” The Journal of Politics 66.4 (2004): 1180–1202. Esser, Frank, Carsten Reinemann, and David Fan. “Spin Doctoring in British and German Election Campaigns: How the Press Is Being Confronted with a New Quality of Political PR.” European Journal of Communication 15.2 (2000): 209–239. Fridkin, Kim L., et al. “Spinning Debates: The Impact of the News Media’s Coverage of the Final 2004 Presidential Debate.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 13.1 (2008): 29–51. Funk, Carolyn. “Bringing the Candidate in Models of Candidate Evaluation.” The Journal of Politics 61.3 (1999): 700–720. Gallup, Alec M., and Frank Newport. The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion in 2004. Lanham, Maryland: Rowland & Littlefield Publishers, 2006 Gamson, William A., and Andre Modigliani. “Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach.” American Journal of Sociology 95.1 (1989): 1–37. Goffman, Erving. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. New York: Harper and Row, 1974 Iyengar, Shanto, and Jennifer A. McGrady. Media Politics: A Citizens Guide. New York: W.W. Norton, 2007. Iyengar, Shanto, and Donald R. Kinder. News That Matters. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1987. Jacobs, Lawrence R., and Robert Y. Shapiro. “Politicians Don’t Pander: Political Manipulation and the Loss of Democratic Responsiveness.” Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2000. Jamieson, Kathleen Hall, and Joseph N. Capella. Echo Chamber: Rush Limbaugh and the Conservative Media Establishment. New York: Oxford UP, 2008. Kellner, Douglas. “Bushspeak and the Politics of Lying: Presidential Rhetoric in the War on Terror.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 37.4 (2007): 622–645. Miller, Joanne M., and Jon A. Krosnick. “News Media Impact on the Ingredients of Presidential Evaluations: Politically Knowledgeable Citizens are Guided by a Trusted Source.” American Journal of Political Science 44.2 (2000): 301-315. Muravchik, Joshua. “Kerry’s Cambodia Whopper.” Washington Post 24 Aug. 2004: A17. Nacos, Brigette L., Yaeli Boch-Elkon, Robert Y. Shapiro. “Post 9-11 Terrorism Threats, News Coverage, and Public Perceptions in the United States.” International Journal of Conflict and Violence 1.2 (2007): 105–126. Nelson, Thomas E., Rosalee A. Clawson, and Zoe M. Oxley. “Media Framing of Civil Liberties Conflict and Its Effect on Tolerance.” American Political Science Review 91 (1997): 567-583. Rozell, M.J. “Presidential Image-Makers on the Limits of Spin Control.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 25.1 (1995): 67–90. Scheufele, Dietram A., and David Tewksbury. “Framing, Agenda Setting, and Priming: The Evolution of Three Media Effects Models.” Journal of Communication 57.1 (2007): 9–20. Shear, Michael D. “With Document, Obama Seeks to End Birther Issue.” New York Times 28 April 2011. 18 Oct 2011 ‹http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/28/us/politics/28obama.html›.“The Bear.” 4President TV 2 Oct 1984. 18 Oct 2011 ‹http://tv.4president.us/1984/reagan1984bear.htm›. Tversky, Amos, and Daniel Kahneman. “The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice.” Science 211.4481 (1981): 452–58. Van Gorp, Baldwin. “Where Is the Frame: Victims and Intruders in the Belgian Press Coverage of the Asylum Issue?” European Journal of Communication 20.4 (2005): 484–507. Westen, Drew. The Political Brain. New York: Public Affairs, 2007. Wilson, John K. The Most Dangerous Man in America: Rush Limbaugh’s Assault on Reason. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2011.

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Farley, Rebecca. "The Word Made Flesh." M/C Journal 2, no.3 (May1, 1999). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1754.

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1997 was a bad year for celebrities. Deng Xiao Ping and Mother Teresa died of old age, Gianni Versace was shot, Princess Diana killed in a car accident, John Denver's plane crashed, Michael Hutchence hung himself and Sonny Bono died in a skiing accident. In each case, the essence of the news story is the extinguishment of life and the consequent extinction of the body. So-called journalism ethics usually prevent photographs of dead bodies (especially when mutilated). However, recently we saw, on the front page of The Courier-Mail, an unnamed Albanian lying in a pool of blood with a clear bullet wound in his head; the lack of photographs of dead celebrities' bodies is therefore political as much as it is influenced by the editors' sense of propriety. Live celebrities fulfil a particular function; what, then, are their bodies made to do in death? I. Versace / Cunanan Gianni Versace was shot on the front steps of his Miami mansion in July 1997, after a morning walk to the local cafe for magazines and coffee. He received two bullets in the head and was pronounced dead on arrival at the local hospital. Ten stories in four magazines carried only two small photographs of paramedics attending Versace on a gurney, despite its obvious newsworthiness. Live Versace is surprisingly absent from the accompanying photographs, where he appears alone, with celebrities or with family (including his lover) just 15 times in 68 photographs. Intriguingly, Versace's body is similarly expunged from the texts. The word 'body' itself also only appears twice in relation to Versace; only one report mentions his cremation and his ashes' return to Italy. Versace's blood, spilling down the steps, appeared much more frequently (textual references plus photos: n=15). Most magazines reported a fan who tore Versace ads from a magazine and sopped them in the designer's blood, but there are no photos of this bizarre act. At no point does any article actually describe Versace as homosexual, although most note that when he was ill in 1996, the press assumed he had HIV/AIDS (in fact, it was cancer). His lover, D'Amico, only appears twice and is only once referred to as such; elsewhere he is a 'companion', 'life partner' and even 'significant other'. What Versace did have, frequently discussed in safe monetary terms, was his business -- a respectable living entity accessible through, importantly, the discourse of family. Anxiety about the continued survival of the eponymous body corporate partially covers the extinction of Versace's fleshly body. So where is Versace's body? The photograph tally gives us an important clue: his alleged murderer, Andrew Cunanan, appears in more photographs (n=16) than the celebrity victim. Importantly, although they supposedly met at an opera, any link between Versace and Cunanan is implied only by the proximity of descriptions of their respective lives. Some texts explicitly suggest the opposite (Time 32): "yet Versace in mid-life, it turns out, was a tempered bon-vivant, a high-glitz homebody. He remarked, 'You can go to a restaurant if you want, but things are always better at home.'" Cunanan's perverse body permeates the texts, too. All stories decribed his career as a "worthy companion" to older, wealthy gay men; all mention his mother's incorrect claim that he was a prostitute. There were 29 references to his preference for "kinky sex" and bondage gear found in his apartment and 41 to a mythical "gay lifestyle" (including references to the "gay scene", "gay bars", "gay hangouts", his alleged work as a gigolo and so on). A suggestion that he might have been HIV-positive (later disproved) also occurred repeatedly. New Weekly devoted its coverage entirely to Cunanan, purporting (however inaccurately) to explain "the lust for fame and rich men that perverted" him (cover); it alone asserted Cunanan had worked as a transsexual prostitute. Increasing Cunanan's apparent perversion were repeated stories that he did this to support a wife and child. Cunanan's sexuality is directly associated with his crimes (see also Crowley): variations on the word 'killer' ('assassin', 'murderer', 'gunman') appear as many times as references to 'kinky' sex. Versace, on the other hand, becomes corporeal; he exists in terms of money, his family, and, finally, in terms of death (passive and active variations of that noun appeared 58 times). In life, Versace's (gay) body was transgressive; in death it was mutilated. By leaving the (transgressive, dead) body out altogether, Versace's narrative became a prosocial tale of capitalist success, a handsome, benign family man destroyed by the 'evil' of a perverted gay lifestyle (Crowley). II. Michael Hutchence Michael Hutchence hung himself -- accidentally or deliberately -- on the door-closing mechanism in his hotel room in November 1997. There are, of course, no photographs of his corpse. However, unlike Versace, Hutchence's body is liberally scattered throughout the text. Direct references to it appear 12 times, including three to his "naked body". We are told in every story that Paula spent 20 minutes alone in the Glebe morgue with his "body". References to his sexuality are also prominent, with variations on the theme (for example, "Michael Hutchence was sex on a stick" -- NW 23) appearing 30 times overall. There were articles on "his harem", featuring photographs of various girlfriends over the years, and Yates's description of his as "the Taj Mahal of crotches" appears repeatedly. Evidently, excessive heterosexuality is more acceptable than transgressive sex. This is quite clear from the determined "suicide" narrative. The British tabloids suggested that Hutchence died practicing autoerotic asphyxiation, a not inconceivable claim, given that some 1000 American men die annually of this practice (see Garos) and in light of Hutchence's apparently overwhelming sexuality. Australian magazines, however, only mentioned that possibility three times in 23 articles from 7 magazines. The assumed fact of suicide was mentioned (directly and euphemistically) 30 times. Suicide is apparently more acceptable than autoeroticism, and it certainly "fits" the Hutchence narrative. The only reason offered for Hutchence's apparently perplexing suicide was despair over the enforced separation from his family. Family is overwhelmingly important in the Hutchence narrative. Photographs of him with Paula and their daughter Tiger Lily, or Paula's and Geldof's three daughters, appear 25 times -- more than Hutchence appears alone (n=21). The total number of photographs of Hutchence with other people only amounts to 27, despite his high-profile career and high-profile lovelife for 18 years before he met Yates. Yates is Hutchence's "lover" more often than D'Amico was Versace's, but she was also his "soulmate", his "girlfriend" and, most often, "the mother of his child". Mention of Hutchence's familial role -- 'daughter/s', 'father/hood', 'dad', 'family' and so on -- appear 44 times. (The only comparable frequency is variations on 'death' such as 'died' or 'dead', not including references to suicide.) This, then, is where Hutchence is recuperated -- the excessive sexuality which, unsaid, may well have led to his death -- disappears completely in family life. Live Hutchence was a sexual wildcard; dead Hutchence is a role model of responsible domesticity. III. Mother Teresa Unlike Versace or Hutchence, Mother Teresa's body caused no trouble when it was alive, and, conveniently, wasn't mangled in death. Six of fifteen photos of her were of her dead body, including a close-up enlarged across two A4 pages. Also included are photos of people holding photos of her, which fits Wark's suggestion that re-presentation helps to create godliness (26). (Interestingly, Diana was the only other 1997 death treated the same way, confirming Frow's point that some deaths are qualitatively different and providing a point for further analysis.) There are photographs of people touching Teresa, and this is mentioned in the text (n=6) more times than her dead body itself (n=3). Interestingly, the fact that she died of a heart attack is nearly absent from the accounts (n=2), although her metaphorical heart looms large (n=9). It is the only part of her live body which was narratively significant. One reason that Mother Teresa's dead body is able to be present, in both pictures and photos, is that her flesh did not need to be replaced with pro-social narrative. Instead, her (tiny) body in life did what society wants women's bodies always to do: she was not just Mother Teresa, but a 'mother' to us all (n=8), chaste (n=3), and always described with diminishing adjectives (n=14). There was none of that pesky female sexuality to deal with, though gender was undeniably significant (she was described as "a woman" 11 times), and of course, it is there in her very name (shortened often to Mother, rather than to 'Teresa' -- she was a role, not a person). The only discourse more powerful -- and intimately connected -- is saintliness (n=38). The sexless (selfless), tiny, maternal body can be displayed, in death, as an icon of the good female. IV. Conclusion In their lifetimes, Michael Hutchence and Gianni Versace both displayed transgressive sexual personae, Hutchence's being excessive and Versace's being 'wrong'. In death, the media deals with this, unsurprisingly, by replacing the now absent bodies with a pro-social narrative. This is taking Foucault's proposition that the body is ultimately the site where ideology is practiced to a whole new realm, since ideology was forced to wait till the bodies stopped to reclaim them for its own. It also reinforces the sense that a "free" (live) body is somehow beyond ideology (Hutchence was apparently practicing just this when he died). Soon after Versace, Diana's death prompted stories of why the good die young (Bulletin 23 Sep. 97, 71-2). However, this article shows that, patently, the good live to 87 and those who die young often don't "come good" until they die. References Becker, Karin E. "Photojournalism and the Tabloid Press." Journalism and Popular Culture. Eds. Peter Dahlgren and Colin Sparks. London: Sage, 1993. 130-153. Crowley, Harry. "'Homocidal Homosexual': Media Coverage of the Versace Murder Case." The Advocate 741 (2 Sep. 1997): 24+. Frow, John. "Is Elvis a God? Cult, Culture, Questions of Method." International Journal of Cultural Studies 1.2 (1998): 197-210. Garos, Sheila. "Autoerotic Asphyxiation: A Challenge to Death Educators and Counselors." Omega -- The Journal of Death and Dying (Farmingdale) 28.2 (Feb. 1994): 85-100. Wark, Mckenzie. "Elvis: Listen to the Loss." Art and Text 31 (Dec.-Feb. 1989): 24-28. Citation reference for this article MLA style: Rebecca Farley. "The Word Made Flesh: Media Coverage of Dead Celebrities." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2.3 (1999). [your date of access] <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9905/dead.php>. Chicago style: Rebecca Farley, "The Word Made Flesh: Media Coverage of Dead Celebrities," M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2, no. 3 (1999), <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9905/dead.php> ([your date of access]). APA style: Rebecca Farley. (1999) The word made flesh: media coverage of dead celebrities. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2(3). <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9905/dead.php> ([your date of access]).

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Cruz, José Henrique de Araújo, Ingridy Cristiny de Souza Moreira, Maria de Fátima Vieira Alves, Heloisa Mara Batista Fernandes de Oliveira, Abrahão Alves de Oliveira Filho, and Maria Angélica Satyro Gomes Alves. "Análise da atividade farmacológica e toxicológica do monoterpeno relacionado à Odontologia: estudo in silico." ARCHIVES OF HEALTH INVESTIGATION 8, no.11 (June4, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.21270/archi.v8i11.4314.

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Introdução: As plantas medicinais são capazes de fornecer fármacos de grande importância clínica, a exemplo dos monoterpenos. Estes são conhecidos por apresentarem uma variedade de efeitos em diferentes sistemas biológicos, justificando a necessidade de pesquisas para investigação do potencial terapêutico e tóxico. Com o avanço tecnológico, modelos in silico vêm sendo amplamente aplicados para a avaliação de potenciais atividades farmacológicas e de toxicidade de compostos em ambientes metabólicos de mamíferos. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos farmacológicos e toxicológicos do monoterpeno Neral com finalidade odontológica, utilizando uma metodologia in silico. Metodologia: Inicialmente utilizou-se o software Pubchem® para o desenho da molécula, em seguida a análise da probabilidade da atividade da molécula foi realizada com o software Pass Online®. Na análise dos parâmetros farmacológicos, foi avaliado a biodisponibilidade oral teórica do Neral, pela “Regra dos Cinco” de Lipinski com o software Molinspiration Cheminformatics. Finalmente, os parâmetros toxicológicos bem como o estudo teórico sobre o efeito carcinogênico, o teste de AMES e a toxicidade oral aguda foi efetuada no programa admetSAR. Resultados e Conclusão: No Pass Online a molécula do Neral possui 14 possíveis atividades farmacológicas relacionadas à Odontologia, dentre elas potencial antifúngico, anti-inflamatória e antibacteriana; no Molinspiration a molécula do Neral demonstrou estar de acordo com as cinco regras propostas por Lipinsk, logo, apresentando boa biodisponibilidade oral teórica e, pelo teste de toxicidade do admetSAR, apesar de apresentar baixo risco de toxicidade teórica oral, revelou leve potencial carcinogênico.Descritores: Disponibilidade Biológica; Toxicidade; Plantas Medicinais; Odontologia.ReferênciasLima GR. 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